TO

7

: &
: &

(2)
.

(CO2).

:
,
( ).
, ,

(2, CO2),

.

.

.

.
,


, :

()
()
()
()
()
()

(,

)

(, ,
2 , 2
)

, ,
:

,


().
,

().
,

().

,
,
14 . , .
.
() 5-7 .
() ,
(), , ()
.
().


12
,
.

()

(-,
-).

,
. ()

.

,
(2)
(C2)
().



() ().

() C2.

() 2.
(
)


, ()
().

() .




.
.


. ( 1,2,3)
( 1,2).

1
1

2
2

10

, ,
, :

,

.

.
, :

( ).


( ).
, :

( ).

.

14

2:
100
CO2:
40

,


. ,


.

:

.

.

2 100

2: 40
CO2: 46

C2 46

2 40

C2 40

15

.

,
,

.

16


, ,
. , , ,
, .
.

17


:
: .
: .

18

: - .
,
. .
, -
, .

:
.

: ,
.


.

19

20

:
-

-
.

:

21


,

. :

, , ,
.

, ,
.
..

.
. ,
, , ,
.

,
. ,
, .
.

,
. ,

.
22

 -
H .
.

(FVC) o (FEV1).
FEV
. FEV1
. FEV1
75% FVC, 75% 1
.

FVC/ VC

FEV1=75% FVC

23

 - VO2 max

.
,
,
,


.

VO2 max.

,


.
,

.
VO2 max


,
.

(L/min*Kg)

24

 - VO2 max
VO2max . :
1. .
2. , .

.
:

.

.

co

o2

VO2max

25

 - VO2 max
H VO2 , 3 4
.
3,5 ml/Kg*min
H VO2 max VO2
VO2 . VO2
. , VO2 max 35 3,5 ml/Kg*min 10 .
VO2 max ,
. , ,
. ,
. , , . ,
. ,

.
VO2 max .

V
O
2
m
a
x

V
O
2
m
a
x

26

 VO2 max
VO2 max
Fick :

Q , CaO2 , CvO2
.
VO2 max
. Cooper test.
Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper
1960.
12 .
VO2 max .
:

d12 12 .
VO2 max ( ml/min/kg).

27

 VO2max
VO2max 75 ml/kg/min
85 ml/kg/min 70 ml/kg/min .
(Tour de France) Greg LeMond Lance Armstrong VO2 max of 92.5 84
mls/kg/min . cross-country ski Bjrn Dhlie 96 ml/kg/min.
Erlend Hem , Dhlie
, , , 100
ml/kg/min.

VO2max 70 ml/kg/min.
VO2 max 180 ml/kg/min
Iditarod , , 240
ml/kg/min.

, 240 ml/kg/min
, 180 ml/kg/min
,
85 ml/kg/min

, 70

35
28

VO2 max
, , VO2 max
. 100 % O2 max 32
ml/kg/min , 70% VO2 max 22 ml/kg/min
. Kavanaugh Toronto
12,000 .
VO2 max 85% , ,
.
VO2 max
.
VO2 max 85%

VO2 max 85%

29

 Cooper

13-14

15-16

17-20

20-29

30-39

40-49

50+

2700+ m

2400 - 2700 m

2200 - 2399 m

2100 - 2199 m

2100- m

2000+ m

1900 - 2000 m

1600 - 1899 m

1500 - 1599 m

1500- m

2800+ m

2500 - 2800 m

2300 - 2499 m

2200 - 2299 m

2200- m

2100+ m

2000 - 2100 m

1700 - 1999 m

1600 - 1699 m

1600- m

3000+ m

2700 - 3000 m

2500 - 2699 m

2300 - 2499 m

2300- m

2300+ m

2100 - 2300 m

1800 - 2099 m

1700 - 1799 m

1700- m

2800+ m

2400 - 2800 m

2200 - 2399 m

1600 - 2199 m

1600- m

2700+ m

2200 - 2700 m

1800 - 2199 m

1500 - 1799 m

1500- m

2700+ m

2300 - 2700 m

1900 - 2299 m

1500 - 1899 m

1500- m

2500+ m

2000 - 2500 m

1700 - 1999 m

1400 - 1699 m

1400- m

2500+ m

2100 - 2500 m

1700 - 2099 m

1400 - 1699 m

1400- m

2300+ m

1900 - 2300 m

1500 - 1899 m

1200 - 1499 m

1200- m

2400+ m

2000 - 2400 m

1600 - 1999 m

1300 - 1599 m

1300- m

2200+ m

1700 - 2200 m

1400 - 1699 m

1100 - 1399 m

1100- m

3700+ m

3400 - 3700 m

3100 - 3399 m

2800 - 3099 m

2800- m

3000+ m

2700 - 3000 m

2400 - 2699 m

2100 - 2399 m

2100- m

30

 VO2max ml/kg/min

18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

56-65

65+

>60

>56

>51

>45

>41

>37

52-60

49-56

43-51

39-45

36-41

33-37

47-51

43-48

39-42

35-38

32-35

29-32

42-46

40-42

35-38

32-35

30-31

26-28

37-41

35-39

31-34

29-31

26-29

22-25

30-36

30-34

26-30

25-28

22-25

20-21

<30

<30

<26

<25

<22

<20

31

 VO2max ml/kg/min

18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

56-65

65+

56

52

45

40

37

32

47-56

45-52

38-45

34-40

32-37

28-32

42-46

39-44

34-37

31-33

28-31

25-27

38-41

35-38

31-33

28-30

25-27

22-24

33-37

31-34

27-30

25-27

22-24

19-22

28-32

26-30

22-26

20-24

18-21

17-18

<28

<26

<22

<20

<18

<17

32


Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2008 Nov 30;163(1-3):82-9. Epub 2008 May 15. Mechanics of respiratory
muscles.Ratnovsky A, Elad D, Halpern P.
Respiration. 2009;77(1):3-17. Epub 2009 Jan 14. Links Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the functional
and prognostic evaluation of patients with pulmonary diseases.Ferrazza AM, Martolini D, Valli G, Palange
P.
Effect of Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training versus Continuous Training on O2 Uptake Kinetics,
Muscle Deoxygenation and Exercise Performance.McKay BR, Paterson DH, Kowalchuk JM.J Appl
Physiol. 2009 May 14.
Spirometric reference values in healthy, non-smoking, urban Pakistani population. Memon MA, Sandila
MP, Ahmed ST. J Pak Med Assoc. 2007 Apr;57(4):193-5.
Miller, M.R. et al (2005a) ATS/ERS task force: standardisation of lung function testing: standardisation of
spirometry. European Respiratory Journal; 26: 2, 319338.
Miller, M.R. et al (2005b) ATS/ERS task force: standardisation of lung function testing: general
considerations for lung function testing. European Respiratory Journal; 26: 1, 153161.
Global Strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
GOLD Workshop summary: updated 2003. Available from http://www.goldcopd.com
Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention GINA Workshop Report: updated November
2003. Available on http://ginasthma.com/
Exercise Physiology: Basis of Human Movement in Health and Disease, S.P. Brown, W.C. Miller, J.M.
Eason, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006, ISBN 0781777305, 9780781777308
Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription, V.H. Heyward, Human Kinetics, 2006, ISBN
0736057323, 9780736057325
International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors, W. Karwowski, : 2, CRC Press, 2006
ISBN 041530430X, 9780415304306
33

American College of Sports Medicine (1995) Principles of Exercise Prescription, William & Wilkins, 5.
American College of Sports Medicine (2000) ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 6;
145.
Gaskill SE, et. al. (2004) %heart rate reserve is better related to %VO2max than to VO2 Reserve: The
Heritage Family Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(5) S3.
Peterson, PA, Bryant, CX (1995) The StairMaster Fitness Handbook, 2; 5-7.
Pollock ML (1973) The quantification of endurance training programs. In Exercise and Sports Sciences
Reviews, ed. JH Wilmore, 1: 155-188, New York; Academic Press.
Skinner JS, et. al. (2004) Evaluation on ACSM guidelines on prescribing exercise intensity for "quite unfit":
The Heritage Family Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(5) S3.
White, C. R., and R. S. Seymour. 2005. Allometric scaling of mammalian metabolism. Journal of
Experimental Biology 208(9):1611-1619.
Blaxter, K. 1989. Energy metabolism in animals and man. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521369312
Weibel, E. R., and H. Hoppeler. 2005. Exercise-induced maximal metabolic rate scales with muscle
aerobic capacity. Journal of Experimental Biology 208(9):1635-1644.
Nagy, K. A. 2005. Field metabolic rate and body size. Journal of Experimental Biology 208(9):1621-1625.
Frappell, P. B., H. A. Blevin, and R. V. Baudinette. 1989. Understanding respirometry chambers: what
goes in must come out. Journal of Theoretical Biology 138(4):479-494. PMID: 2593683
Sobotta, 3 , 1990, 2 . 91- 117
Guyton, Textbook of medical physiology 11th edition, 2006, p 96 -106

34

Withers, P. C. 2001. Design, calibration and calculation for flow-through respirometry systems. Australian
Journal of Zoology49:445-461.
Lighton, J. R. B. 2008. Measuring metabolic rates: A manual for scientists. Oxford University Press. ISBN
0195310616.
Bartholomew, G. A., D. Vleck, and C. M. Vleck. 1981. Instantaneous measurements of oxygen
consumption during pre-flight warm-up and post-flight cooling in Sphingid moths and Saturniid moths.
Journal of Experimental Biology90(1):17-32.
Levy, A. 1964. The accuracy of the bubble meter method for gas flow measurements. Journal of Scientific
Instruments 41(7):449-453.
Stevens, E. D. 1992. Use of plastic materials in oxygen-measuring systems. Journal of Applied Physiology
72:801-804
Thomas E. Hyde and Marianne S. Gengenbach, Conservative Management of Sports Injuries (2nd ed;
Sudbury, Mass.: Jones & Bartlett, 2007), 845.
Geddes, Linda (2007-07-28). "Superhuman". New Scientist. pp. 35-41.
Bouchard, Claude; Ping An, Treva Rice, James S. Skinner, Jack H. Wilmore, Jacques Gagnon, Louis
Perusse, Arthus S. Leon, D. C. Rao (01 September 1999). "Familial aggregation of VO(2max) response to
exercise training: results from the HERITAGE Family Study". Journal of Applied Physiology 87 (3): 1003
1008. PMID 10484570.
Kolata, Gina (February 12, 2002). "Why Some People Won't Be Fit Despite Exercise". The New York
Times.
Thieme atlas of anatomy, Thieme, 2006, p 44- 45, 49
Thibodeau G., Anatomy and physiology 5th edition, Mosby, 2003, p. 558-571, 595- 600
Costanzo L.S., Board Review Series, Physiology 2nd edition, Wiliams & Wilkins, 1998 , p 72-98
35