Amino Acids Proteins, and Enzymes

Types of Proteins Amino Acids The Peptide Bond

Types of Proteins

Type Structural Contractile Transport Storage Hormonal Enzyme Protection

Examples tendons, cartilage, hair, nails muscles hemoglobin milk insulin, growth hormone catalyzes reactions in cells immune response
2

Amino Acids
Building blocks of proteins Carboxylic acid group Amino group Side group R gives unique characteristics
R side chain I H2HC COOH I H

Examples of Amino Acids

H I
H2NC COOH I H glycine CH3 I H2NC COOH I H alanine

Types of Amino Acids

Nonpolar R = H, CH3, alkyl groups, aromatic O Polar ll R = CH2OH, CH2SH, CH2CNH2, (polar groups with O-, -SH, -N-) Polar/Acidic R = CH2COOH, or -COOH Polar/ Basic R = CH2CH2NH2

Learning Check AA1

Identify each as (1) polar or (2) nonpolar
A. NH2CH2COOH CH3 | CHOH | B. NH2CHCOOH (Serine)
6

(Glycine)

Solution AA1
Identify each as (1) polar or (2) nonpolar
A.(2) NH2CH2COOH CH3 | CHOH | B. (1) NH2CHCOOH (Serine)
7

(Glycine)

Essential Amino Acids

10 amino acids not synthesized by the body arg, his, ile, leu, lys, met, phe, thr, trp, val Must obtain from the diet All in diary products 1 or more missing in grains and vegetables 8

Amino Acids as Acids and Bases

Ionization of the NH2 and the COOH group Zwitterion has both a + and charge Zwitterion is neutral overall +
NH2CH2COOH glycine H3NCH2COO Zwitterion of glycine

pH and ionization
H+ +
H3NCH2COOH
+

OH
H3NCH2COO H2NCH2COO

Positive ion Low pH

zwitterion neutral pH

Negative ion High pH

10

Learning Check AA2

CH3
+
H3NCHCOOH (1) A. Alanine in base. B. Alanine in acid.
11

CH3
H2NCH2COO (2)

Select from the above structures

Solution AA2
CH3
+
H3NCHCOOH (1) A. (2) Alanine in base. B. (1) Alanine in acid.
12

CH3
H2NCH2COO (2)

Select from the above structures

The Peptide Bond

Amide bond formed by the COOH of an amino acid and the NH2 of the next amino acid
+ O || + CH3 | | H peptide bond
13

CH3 + | H3NCHCOO

NH3CH2COH O + ||

NH3CH2C NCHCOO

Peptides
Amino acids linked by amide (peptide) bonds
Gly H2Nend Lys Phe Arg Ser -COOH end

Peptide bonds

Glycyllysylphenylalanylarginylserine
14

Learning Check AA3

What are the possible tripeptides formed from one each of leucine, glycine, and alanine?

15

Solution AA3
Tripeptides possible from one each of leucine, glycine, and alanine Leu-Gly-Ala Leu-Ala-Gly Ala-Leu-Gly Ala-Gly-Leu Gly-Ala-Leu Gly-Leu-Ala
16

Learning Check AA4

Write the three-letter abbreviations for the following tetrapeptide:
CH3 CH3 CH CH3 CH3 O H CH O H SH CH2 O H
17

S CH2 CH2 O
-

H3N CH C N CH C N CH C N CH C O

Solution AA4
CH3 CH3 CH CH3 CH3 O H CH O H SH CH2 O H S CH2 CH2 O

H3N CH C N CH C N CH C N CH C O

Ala-Leu-Cys-Met

18