Ina105.Foundations in Building Constuction

c
INA105/151 Building Construction & Materials 1
FOUNDATIONS
Prepared by : Othman Hassan Senior Lecturer / Registered Interior Designer with Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia (Reg. No: ID/O 6) Department of Interior Architecture UiTM Perak
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
The construction of foundation starts after all the tasks below completed.
1. Site Investigation
2. Clearing the site 3. Establishing level 4. Setting out the building line
1. FOUNDATION AND ITS FUNCTIONS

1.
2. 3 4. 5. 6.
As the base on which a building rests and its purpose is to safely transfer the load of a building to a suitable subsoil. Prevent possible movement of structure due to settlement (ground movement) Allow building over water or water-logged ground Resist uplifting or overturning forces due to wind Resist lateral forces due to soil movement Underpin (support) existing or unstable structures
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
2. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CHOICE OF FOUNDATION TYPE

The choice and design of foundations for many types of building depend mainly on factors below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The total loads of the building The nature and bearing capacity of the soil. Materials used for the foundation Economical consideration of using a right kinds of foundation Layout of the structures (building/floor plan, positioning loads) Conditional of the site (location and sufficient work space)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
3. SUBSOIL AND BEARING CAPACITY

Subsoils are soils below the topsoil ; the topsoil being about 300mm deep from the ground level surface. Bearing capacity is safe load per unit area which the ground can carry.
Typical bearing capacities of subsoils are as follows:
Rock, granite Non-cohesive soils, compact sand Cohesive soils, hard clay
600 -10,000 kN/m2 (60,000-1,000,000kg) 600 kN/m2 <600 kN/m2
Having ascertained the nature and bearing capacity of the subsoil the foundation can be determined by calculating the total (dead + imposed) load per meter run of foundation and relating this to the analyzed safe bearing capacity of the subsoil Total load of building per meter = min. foundation width Safe bearing capacity of subsoil The average total loading for a two-storey house is 30-50 kN/m2
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Example: If the total load of a house is 40 kN/m2 and the subsoil safe bearing capacity is 80 kN/m2, then the foundation width is:
40 = 0.5 m or 500mm (strip foundation) 80
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

SUBSOIL TYPE
Hardpan overlaying rock
kN/m2
1290
Very compact sandy gravel

Loose gravel and sandy gravel, compact sand and gravelly sand, very compact sand-inorganic silt soils Hard, dry, consolidated clay Loose coarse to medium sand, medium compact fine sand Compact sand clay Loose, fine sand, medium compact sand-inorganic silt soils Firm or stiff clay Loose, saturated sand-clay soils, medium soft clay
1075
645
High Bearing Capacity
537 430 322 215 161 107

Low Bearing Capacity
Medium Bearing Capacity
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
4. FORCES ACTING ONTO BUILDING

Downward load Uplifting action
Wind Building Building Tendency to turn under wind Building
Under pure vertical downward loads
Under lateral wind loads
Combined effect
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
5. TYPES OF BUILDING FOUNDATION:
1. Shallow Foundation a. Pad Foundation or Isolated Foundation b. Raft Foundations - Solid Slab Raft Foundation
- Beam and Slab Raft Foundation

- Cellular Raft Foundation c. Strip Foundation d. Trench-Fill Foundation 2. Deep Foundation a. Pile Foundation
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
1. Shallow Foundation
Shallow foundation or sometimes called spread footing usually refers to those being rested on stratum with adequate bearing capacity and laid less than 3 meters below ground level. Examples included pad or isolated, raft, strip and trench-fill foundations. The selection of the right type of shallow foundation normally depend on the the magnitude and disposition of the structural loads and the bearing capacity of subsoil. A combination of two or three type of shallow foundation in one single structure is not uncommon a. Pad Foundation or Isolated Foundation Pad foundations or isolated foundations are used to support an individual point load such as that due to a structural column. They may be circular,square or rectangular. They usually consists of a block or slab of uniform thickness to spread the load from a column. Pad foundations or isolated foundations are usually shallow. This type of foundation is suitable on high bearing capacity subsoils.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation Stage 1: Excavation works Stage 2: Formwork preparation Stage 3: Reinforcement bar preparation Stage 4: Installation of reinforcement and starter bars Stage 5: Concreting works Stage 6: Installation of stumps
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation

Stage 1: Excavation works
The first stage of works in preparing Pad Foundation is excavation works. Ground will be dug between 1m to 3m deep to make a trench.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 2: Formwork preparation
The second stage of works in preparing Pad Foundation is formworks preparation.
Formwork
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 3: Reinforcement bar preparation
The third stage of works in preparing Pad Foundation is reinforcement bar preparation.
Reinforcement bar
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 4: Installation of reinforcement and starter bars
The fourth stage of works in preparing Pad Foundation is installing reinforcement and starter bars in formworks. Starter bar
Reinforcement bar
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 5: Concreting works
The fifth stage of works in preparing Pad Foundation is concreting works. Concrete Grade M30 is used for this foundation.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation Concrete Grade

Concrete mixes (cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate) can be expressed as volume grade and ratios:
Grade M5 (5N/mm) - 1:5:10 = 1 part of cement, 5 parts of fine aggregate, 10 parts of coarse aggregate.(ordinary concrete) Grade M10 (10N/mm) - 1:3:6 = 1 part of cement, 3 parts of fine aggregate, 6 parts of coarse aggregate.(ordinary concrete) Grade M15 (15N/mm) - 1:2:4 = 1 part of cement, 2 part of fine aggregate, 4 parts of coarse aggregate. (ordinary concrete) - for solid ground floor Grade M20 (20N/mm) - 1:1.5:2 = 1 part of cement, 1.5 parts of fine aggregate, 2 parts of coarse aggregate. (standard concrete) Grade M25 (25N/mm) - 1:1:2 = 1 part of cement, 1 parts of fine aggregate, 2 parts of coarse aggregate. (standard concrete) Grade M30 (30N/mm) - 1:1.5:3 = 1 part of cement, 1.5 parts of fine aggregate, 3 parts of coarse aggregate. (standard concrete) - for structures and upper floor Grade M35 (35N/mm) - 1:1.6:2.9 = 1 part of cement, 1.9 parts of fine aggregate, 2.9 parts of coarse aggregate. (standard concrete) - for structures
- Cement (Portland cement) - made from limestone and clay and is generally produced by wet process. - Fine Aggregate - those which will pass a standard 5mm sieve . (Sand) - Coarse Aggregate - those are retained on a standard 5mm sieve. (Gravel, crushed stone)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Fine Aggregate (sand)
Portland cement
Coarse Aggregate (gravel)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 6: Installation of stumps
The final stage of works in preparing Pad Foundation is installing stumps.
Stump
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Pad Foundation Is Completed
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Note: Graphic symbols illustrated are not to architectural standard symbols. Students are advised to refer to the building construction books for proper symbols available at the library.
Pad Foundation
Column starter bars
Pad Foundation
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Pad Foundation
(Shallow Foundation)
Column starter bars
Stump
High bearing capacity subsoil
Pad Foundation Pad Foundation reinforcement bar
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Pad Foundation (Shallow Foundation)
Starter bars
Reinforced concrete stump Ground Level High bearing Reinforced concrete stump Soil capacity subsoil 1m to 3m deep Reinforced concrete (Grade M30) Reinforcement bars 12mm diameter
Cross Sectional View

(Not to scale)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Pad Foundation & Solid Ground Floor

Column reinforcement bars
Exterior part of building
Column
Interior part of building

Brick wall Skirting Hardcore Concrete Cement render Ground Level Plaster Interior skirting Floor finishes (tiles) Sand screed 25mm thk. Concrete (Grade M25) Floor 150mm thk. Damp-proof Membrane Sand blinding 25mm thk. Drain Concrete ground Beam (Grade M30) Starter bars High bearing capacity subsoil Reinforcement bars 12mm diameter Reinforced concrete stump Soil Hardcore 150mm thk.
Apron
Reinforced concrete (Grade M30)

(Not to scale)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
b. Raft Foundations
The principle of any raft foundation is to spread the load over large area, normally the entire area of the structure. It usually consists of a concrete slab which extends over the entire loaded area. It may be stiffened by ribs or beams and floor incorporated into the foundation .This method often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over larger area. Raft foundation has the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements between loading positions. Three types of raft foundation: 1. Solid Slab Raft Foundation Solid slabs are constructed of uniform thickness over the whole raft area. This foundation suitable on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as it can spread the loads over larger area.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
2. Beam and Slab Raft Foundation Beam and slab rafts are an alternative to solid slab raft and are used where poor soils encountered. The beams are used to distribute the column loads over the area of the raft , which usually results in a reduction of the slab thickness. The beams can be upstand or downstand depending upon the bearing capacity of the soil near the surface. 3. Cellular Raft Foundation This foundation can be used where a reasonable bearing capacity subsoil can only be found at depths where beam and slab techniques become uneconomic. The construction is similar to reinforced concrete basements except that internal walls are used to spread the load over raft and divide the void into cells.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
1. Solid Slab Raft Foundation
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
2. Beam and Slab Raft Foundation
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
3. Cellular Raft Foundation
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Beam & Slab Raft Foundation & Ground Floor (Shallow Foundation)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Stages of work in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation Stage 1: Excavation works Stage 2: Installation of Formworks Stage 3: Installation of Reinforcement Bars For Beams Stage 4: Installation of Damp Proof Membrane (DPM) Stage 5: Installation of Reinforcement Bars For Slab Stage 6: Concreting works
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Stages of work in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation

Stage 1: Excavation works
The first stage of works in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation is excavation works. Installing pipes for sewage and plumbing are done at this stage.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 2: Formworks preparation
The second stage of works in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation is formworks installation. At this stage valley are formed for beams and compacting works are done.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 3: Installation of Reinforcement Bars For Beams
The third stage of works in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation is reinforcement bar installation. Reinforcement bars
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 4: Installation of Damp Proof Membrane (DPM)
The fourth stage of works in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation is installation of Damp Proof Membrane(DPM)
DPM sheet
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 5: Installation of Reinforcement Bar For Slab and Starter Bar
The fifth stage of works in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation is installation of reinforcement bars for slab and starter bar after installation of DPM Starter bar
Slab reinforcement bar
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

The sixth stage of works in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation is concreting works. The suitable concrete is Grade M25.
5. Concreting
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
The Raft Foundation
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Beam & Slab Raft Foundation
Beam & Slab Raft Foundation (Grade M25 concrete)
Column starter bars
Compacted Hardcore Low Bearing Capacity Subsoil
DPM Slab Reinforcement bar
Beam Reinforcement bar
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Beam & Slab Raft Foundation (Shallow Foundation)
Column starter bars Reinforced concrete (Grade M25) foundation forming ground floor slab 150mm thk. Formwork Slab Reinforcement bars Damp-Proof Membrane (DPM) Sand Blinding 25mm thk. Low bearing capacity subsoil Beam Reinforcement bars Downstand beam
Hardcore 150mm thk.
Cross Sectional View (Detail A)

(Not to scale)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Beam & Slab Raft Foundation & Solid Ground Floor

Interior part of building Exterior part of building
Column starter bars Column reinforcing bars Column Plaster Brick wall Skirting Floor Finishes Sand screed 25 mm thk Slab Reinforcement bars Drain Reinforced concrete (Grade M25) forming ground floor slab 150mm thk.
Damp-proof Course(DPC)
Skirting Hardcore Concrete slab Cement render
Apron
Damp-proof Membrane (DPM) Sand Blinding 25mm thk Beam Reinforcement bars Downstand beam
Low bearing capacity subsoil
Hardcore 150mm thk

(Not to scale)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
c. Strip Foundation
Strip foundation is used to support a line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall, or if a line of columns need supporting where column positions are so close that individual pad foundations would be inappropriate. This type of foundation is suitable on high bearing capacity subsoil.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Stages of work in preparing Strip Foundation
1. Excavation works 2. Reinforcement bar preparation 3. Concreting
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Strip Foundation
Strip Foundation (Grade M30 concrete) To support a line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Strip Foundation (Shallow Foundation) with cavity wall
Insulation Damp-proof course (DPC)
Brick Cavity wall
Weak concrete filling to base cavity Ground Level High bearing Soil capacity subsoil 1m Reinforced concrete (Grade M30)
Longitudinal reinforcement bars 12mm diameter

(Not to scale)
FOUNDATION
INA105/151
Strip Foundation with Cavity Wall
Cavity Wall
Insulation
DPC
High bearing capacity subsoil
Weak Concrete filling Strip Foundation
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Strip Foundation with cavity wall and Solid Ground Floor

Insulation Skirting Damp-poof course (DPC) Hardcore Concrete slab Cement render Ground Level Brick cavity wall Plaster Interior skirting Floor finishes
Cement/sand screed 25mm thk

Concrete floor slab 150mmthk
Apron
Damp-proof membrane (DPM)

Sand blinding 25mm thk Drain Weak concrete filling High bearing Capacity subsoil
Hardcore 150mm thk
Reinforced concrete (Grade M30)

Longitudinal reinforcement bars

(Not to scale)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
d. Trench-Fill Foundation
Trench -fill foundation is almost similar to strip foundation. Trench-fill foundations can be dug deeper and bigger than strip, which means they are particularly practical where the water table is high, where soil is loose and unstable, and in areas with heavy clay soils. The thickness of any trench -fill foundation should be not less than 500mm and the foundation concrete should finish about 150mm to 100mm below ground level. The trench sides may need to be lined with a slip membrane unless the soil is firm. This type of foundation is suitable on high bearing capacity subsoils.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Stages of work in preparing Trench-Fill Foundation
1. Excavation works 2. Reinforcement bar preparation 3. Concreting
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Trench-Foundation
Trench-Foundation (Grade M25 concrete) To support a line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Trench-Fill Foundation (Shallow Foundation)

Insulation
Brick Cavity wall

Damp proof course (DPC) Ground Level Weak concrete filling to base cavity
1-2m deep Soil Reinforced concrete Grade M30 Longitudinal reinforcement bars 12mm diameter High bearing Capacity subsoil

(Not to scale)
FOUNDATION
INA105/151
Trench-Fill Foundation with Cavity Wall
Cavity Wall
Insulation DPC High bearing capacity subsoil
Weak Concrete filling
Trench-Fill Foundation
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
2. Deep Foundation
1. Pile Foundation Pile foundation is a form of foundation using piles to transfer the loads of a structure down to a firm soil stratum with sufficient load-taking capacity. Suitable for multi storey building and on low bearing capacity subsoil. Materials for piles can be of: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Precast concrete H section steel piles Metal sheets piles Timber or bakau (mangroves) piles CISS or Cast-In-Steel-Shell/pipes piles
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
MATERIALS FOR PILING

1. Pre-Cast Concrete Pile
Pre-cast or pre-stressed concrete piles are one of the most commonly used concrete piles. Pre-cast concrete piles are typically made with steel reinforcing and pre-stressing tendons to obtain the tensile strength required, to survive handling and driving, and to provide sufficient bending resistance. Long piles can be difficult to handle and transport. Pile joints can be used to join two or more short piles to form one long pile. Pile joints can be used with both precast and pre-stressed concrete piles. Pre-cast concrete piles are driven into the ground and used for deep foundations to support structures in residential houses, commercial construction, such as buildings and bridges. They are also used for: heavy highway, public works, marine, and industrial applications.
Precast concrete piles
Precast cylindrical concrete piles
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Pre-Cast Concrete Pile
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Pre-Cast Concrete Pile
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

2. H-Pile
H- piles are the ideal solution when foundations are required for complex structures or where the ground conditions are difficult. The properties of steel mean that they can be used to resist tensile as well as compressive loads and they can be designed for bending. They are ideally suited to hard driving through difficult ground conditions eg. silty, fine, water bearing sand containing cobles and boulders/ dense sands and gravels/ glacial till and are particularly effective when founded on rock or a similar hard stratum
Steel H section piles
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

3. Metal Sheet Pile
A sheet pile wall is a row of interlocking, vertical pile segments installed to form an essentially straight wall with a plan dimension sufficiently large enough for its behavior to allow for the analysis of a .3048-meter (1 foot) wide vertical segment of the wall cross-section. Sheet pile walls are typically used as earth retaining structures along shorelines to allow for higher exposed grades to occur adjacent to lower river bottoms, dredge or mud lines. Sheet piling can also be used to retain fill around open landside excavations via rectangular trenches or circular cofferdams.
Steel Sheet piles
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
3. Metal Sheet piles
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Metal Sheet Pile
Steel Sheet piles
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

4. Timber Pile
The mangrove piles are widely used in peninsular Malaysia for most building and homes. The use of mangrove piles is also recognized in other countries, Malaysia contractors and developers are so confident that the mangrove piles can actually be used for piling in all buildings and homes due to the mangrove wood nature superb density and its woods strength. The mangrove piles are not only cheap, but it is also easy to handle in most pilling during construction work. The buildings which are using mangrove piles as foundation can at least stand for a decades or more than 10 years. The use of mangrove wood in piling brings so much of benefits and advantages. Cheap, Strong Strength, High Density, Long Lasting
Bakau piles (mangrove)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

5. CISS or Cast-in-Steel-Shell piles
CISS or Cast-in-Steel-Shell piles

Source: http://www.foundationpiledriving.com/ciss.htm
Steel pipes piles

200px-Metal_tubes_stored_in_a_yard[1]
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION

There are two common types of pile construction: 1. Displacement piles Displacement piles cause the soil to be displaced radially as well as vertically as the pile shaft is driven or jacked into the ground. 2. Non-displacement or replacement piles Non-displacement, soil is removed and the resulting hole filled with concrete or a precast pile is dropped into the hole and grouted in.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION
1. Displacement pile
Ground level Soil
2. Non-displacement or Replacement pile

Soil is removed by using boring rig and drill to form a hole
Pile is driven into the soil
Concrete is pored into the steel pipes in the hole to form pile or Precast pile is dropped into the hole
Bed rock or stratum soil on firm base
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
LOADING SUPPORT TO PILE Load from a superstructure is transmitted to the subsoil either by: 1. Skin friction - load is supported by the frictional resistance so created between the contact surface of the pile and the embracing soil. 2. End-bearing - load is support by resting onto a firm stratum such as bed-rock or stratum of subsoil with the required bearing capacity.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Loading Support to Pile

Building
Ground level Pile caps Piles
Soil
1. Skin friction support
Friction
Friction
2. End-bearing support
Bed rock or stratum soil on firm base
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
METHODS OF PILING
Piling methods can be done in several way depending on factors mentioned earlier, they are:
1. Driven piling (Displacement) Piles are driven into the ground using a pile driver. Driven piles are either wood, reinforced concrete, or steel. a. b. c. d. e. f. Gravity hammer Diesel hammer Hydraulic hammer Vibratory pile driver Silent pile hammer Air hammer
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
METHODS OF PILING
2. Drilled piling (Non-displacement)
Piling in which boring is done until the hard rock or soft rock layer is reached in the case of end bearing piles. a. Caissons b. Boring rig and auger drill c. Bucket barrel
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
METHODS OF PILING 1. Driven piling (Gravity (Drop) hammer)

The drop hammer consists of a heavy ram in between the leads. The ram is lifted up to a certain height and released to drop on the pile. This type is slow and therefore not in common use. It is used in the cases where only a small number of piles are driven.
Gravity pile for bakau
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
METHODS OF PILING 1. Driven piling (Diesel Hammer)

A modern diesel pile hammer is a very large two-stroke diesel engine. The weight is the piston, and the apparatus which connects to the top of the pile is the cylinder. Piled riving is started by having the weight raised by auxiliary means usually a cable from the crane holding the pile driver which draws air into the cylinder. The weight is dropped, using a quick-release. The weight of the piston compresses the air, heating it to the ignition point of diesel fuel. Diesel fuel is added/injected into the cylinder. The mixture ignites, transferring the energy of the falling weight to the pile head, and driving the weight back up.
Diesel hammer piling in action
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
METHODS OF PILING 1. Driven piling (Hydraulic Hammer)

A hydraulic hammer is a modern type of piling hammer used in place of diesel and air hammers for driving steel pipe precast concrete, and timber piles. Hydraulic hammers are more environmentally acceptable than the older, less efficient hammers as they generate less noise and pollutants. However, in many cases the dominant noise is caused by the impact of the hammer on the pile, or the impacts between components of the hammer, so that the resulting noise level can be very similar to diesel hammers. Hydraulic hammer piling in action
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
METHODS OF PILING 1. Driven piling (Vibratory Pile Driver)

Vibratory pile hammers contain a system of counterrotating eccentric weights, powered by hydraulic motors, and designed in such a way that horizontal vibrations cancel out, while vertical vibrations are transmitted into the pile. Vibratory hammers can either drive in or extract a pile; extraction is commonly used to recover steel "H" piles used in temporary foundation shoring.
Vibratory pile driver in action
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
METHODS OF PILING 1. Driven piling (Silent Pile Driver)

The Silent Piler is a hydraulic machine for vibration-free installation or extraction of sheet piles. The machine operates by gripping previously driven piles to provide reaction force for pressing in the next pile. The Silent Piler works on top of the reaction piles and self-moves to the next position as illustrated in the adjacent picture. This technique allows pile driving at sites which are not accessible for conventional piling techniques. Only a relatively light-weight service crane is needed to pitch the sheet piles. Silent pile driver in action
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
METHODS OF PILING 1. Driven piling (Air Hammer)

Very basic hammer design, impact based with a rapid blow action and air powered . Less affected by ground type, typically used to finish drive to depth, if not for the full drive. Can be handled by an excavator. Will drive sheets into virtually all ground conditions.
Air hammer pile in action
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
METHODS OF PILING
2. Drilled piling (Caissons)

A caisson is a retaining structure that is normally water tight that is used to allow construction work to be undertaken under dry conditions below the water table (including below the surface of a river or lake). Examples of when a caisson might be used include on a river bed during the construction of bridge pillars and foundations, or during the construction of a shaft. A pile is a type of deep foundation which usually extends to a significant depth in the ground compared to it's cross sectional area. Piles may be either driven or cast in place. Caissons pile driling in progress
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
METHODS OF PILING 2. Drilled piling (Boring Rig and Auger Drill)

This piling method is ideal for use in cohesive soils. The rotating auger screws into the strata reaming out the soil. Once the required depth has been achieved the steel cage and concrete is placed. These highly mobile rigs are economic to use on large open sites with cohesive ground, and on some chalk or sand, which have good access. Smaller models are suitable for internal use. As a rotary auger causes minimal vibration it is ideal for use next to buildings or underground services
Boring rig and auger drilling in progress
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
METHODS OF PILING 2. Drilled piling (Bucket Barrel)
Bucket barrel drilling in action
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Stages of work in preparing Deep Foundation Stage 1: Piling works Stage 2: Excavation and pile cutting works Stage 3: Preparation and fabrication of reinforcement for pile cap Stage 4: Preparation of pile cap formwork Stage 5: Installation of pile cap reinforcement bar and starter bar Stage 6: Concreting works Stage 7: Installation of stumps
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Stages of work in preparing Deep Foundation

Stage 1: Piling works
The first stage of works in preparing Deep Foundation is piling works that involve 1. Points setting. 2. Piling 3. Piling Jointing (where more piles are required). Point for piling
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 1: Piling works
Jointing the pile coupling end plates
Welding the end plates
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 2: Excavation and pile cutting works
The second stage of works in preparing Deep Foundation is excavation and pile cutting works. Backhoe loader is needed to excavate the soil and hydraulic pile cutter is required to cut the piles.
Concrete piles
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 2: Excavation and pile cutting works
Hydraulic pile cutter
Pile cutting in action Concrete piles
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 3: Preparation & Fabrication of reinforcement bar for pile cap
The third stage of works in preparing Deep Foundation is preparing and fabricating reinforcement bar for pile cap..
Pile Cap reinforcement bar
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 4: Preparation of formworks for pile cap
The fourth stage of works in preparing Deep Foundation is preparing formworks for pile cap
Formwork
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 5: Installing pile cap reinforcement & starter bars in formworks
The fifth stage of works in preparing Deep Foundation is installing pile cap reinforcement & starter bars in formworks. Pile Cap reinforcement bar Starter bar
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

The sixth stage of works in preparing Deep Foundation is concreting. The suitable concrete is Grade M30.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Pile Caps
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151

Stage 7: Installation of stumps
The final stage of works in preparing Deep Foundation is installing the stumps. Pile Cap Starter bar Stump
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Deep /Pile Foundation

Deep foundation is completed and ready for ground beams works
Starter bar
Deep Foundations
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Pile Foundation
Column starter bar
Piles Cap
Piles
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Pile Foundation
(Deep Foundation)
Column starter bar
Stump Pile Cap reinforcement bar
Pile Cap Pile
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Pile Foundation (Deep Foundation)

Starter bar Reinforced concrete stump Ground Level Soil 1m to 3m deep Reinforced concrete pile cap (Grade M30) Reinforcement bars 12mm diameter
Pile Cap
Piles

(Not to scale)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
Pile Foundation & Suspended Ground Floor

Column Column reinforcement bars

Brick wall Plaster Skirting Damp-proof Course Floor reinforcement bars 10mm diameter Floor finishes (tiles) Sand screed 25mm Reinforced concrete (Grade M25) ground floor slab 150mm thk. Damp-proof Membrane

Skirting Cement render Concrete Hardcore Drain Ground Level Apron
Concrete Ground Beam (Grade M30) Starter bars Low bearing capacity subsoil
Ground beam reinforcement bars Reinforced concrete stump
Sand blinding 25mm Hardcore 150mm thk.
Concrete pile cap (Grade M30 )

Reinforcement bars 12mm diameter
Piles

(Not to scale)
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
References:
1.
2. 3.
Ivor H. Seeley (1995):Building Technology. Fifth edition. MacMillan.

Roland Ashcroft (1992); ConstructionFor Interior Designers. Second Edition. Longman. Roger Greeno (1998):Advanced Construction Technology.
FOUNDATIONS
INA105/151
THE END

Ina105.Foundations in Building Constuction

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ina105.Foundations in Building Constuction

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

c

INA105/151 Building Construction & Materials 1

1. FOUNDATION AND ITS FUNCTIONS

2. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CHOICE OF FOUNDATION TYPE

3. SUBSOIL AND BEARING CAPACITY

600 -10,000 kN/m2 (60,000-1,000,000kg) 600 kN/m2 <600 kN/m2

3. SUBSOIL AND BEARING CAPACITY

40 = 0.5 m or 500mm (strip foundation) 80

3. SUBSOIL AND BEARING CAPACITY

Very compact sandy gravel

High Bearing Capacity

537 430 322 215 161 107

4. FORCES ACTING ONTO BUILDING

Wind Building Building Tendency to turn under wind Building

Under pure vertical downward loads

Under lateral wind loads

5. TYPES OF BUILDING FOUNDATION:

- Beam and Slab Raft Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation Concrete Grade

Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation

Fine Aggregate (sand)

Coarse Aggregate (gravel)

Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation

Column starter bars

High bearing capacity subsoil

Pad Foundation Pad Foundation reinforcement bar

Pad Foundation (Shallow Foundation)

Cross Sectional View

Pad Foundation & Solid Ground Floor

Exterior part of building

Interior part of building

Reinforced concrete (Grade M30)

Cross Sectional View

1. Solid Slab Raft Foundation

2. Beam and Slab Raft Foundation

3. Cellular Raft Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation

Slab reinforcement bar

Stages of work in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation

Stages of work in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation

The Raft Foundation

Beam & Slab Raft Foundation

Beam & Slab Raft Foundation (Grade M25 concrete)

Column starter bars

Compacted Hardcore Low Bearing Capacity Subsoil

DPM Slab Reinforcement bar

Beam Reinforcement bar

Beam & Slab Raft Foundation (Shallow Foundation)

Hardcore 150mm thk.

Cross Sectional View (Detail A)

Beam & Slab Raft Foundation & Solid Ground Floor

Low bearing capacity subsoil

Hardcore 150mm thk