HCl

Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.14.3H
2
O
SBS
Disinfection
pH
adjustment
Anti-scalant
addition
Media Filter
Coagulation
unit
Cartridge
Filter
Disinfection
(Chlorination)

De-Chlorination
unit

Neutralization
pH adjustment
Storage
Tank
R O

M e m b
r
a
n
e

NaOCl
Hypersperse AS110
HPP
NaOH NaOCl
Pump
Used to prevent reverse osmosis membrane from fouling by
removing large percentage of suspended solid from feed water
SDI measurement commonly used to indicate the effectiveness
of media filter
Almost, all RO membrane manufacture recommends SDI to be
less than 3
[K
sp
] =
2.44 x10
-5

[K
sp
] =
1.05 x10
-4

93.176 L/day
[Ca
+2
] x [SO4
-2
]= 4.23 x 10
-4
mol/L

Ksp= 2.44 x 10-5
The equation of calulating the dose rate
Antiscalant (Hypersperse AS110)
Plant SDI before
cartridge
SDI after
cartridge
Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia RO
desalination plant
3 2.8
Singapore pilot plant 6.5 6.1
desalination plant at Larnaca,
Cyprus
3 2.8
in
out in
SDI
SDI SDI
removal

= %
% 6 = removal
% 6 = removal
Normally, the available free chlorine concentration before RO
membrane is 0.5 1 ppm.
The maximum allowable chlorine concentration before RO
membrane is 0.05 ppm.
Residual free chlorine can be removed by:
adsorption onto activated carbon media filter
chemical reducing agent (SBS)
Sodium Bisulfite can be formed by dissolving Sodium
Metabisulfite (SMBS) in water
In practice, designers used to add 3 mg/L of SMBS of chlorine
Total amount of free chlorine in water = 503 * 10
6
mg /day
3 2 5 2 2
2NaHSO O H O S Na +
In theory, 1.34 mg of SMBS will remove 1 mg of free chlorine.
The amount of SMBS needed to remove free chlorine =
7968.22 mole/day
The dosage rate of SBS needed to remove residual chlorine =
205.58 gal/day
The amount of moles of Sodium Bisulfite needed to remove the
free chlorine = 15,936.13 mole/day
SMBS
H
2
O SBS
Q6
Stage 1 Stage 2
Q1
Q2
Q4
Q5 Q3
RO membrane
Parameters Value
Overall Recovery% 30%
Recovery for second stage 85%
Salt rejection % 95%
Total product 40MGD
Total dissolved solid for total product 170 ppm
Total dissolved solid for feed 43153ppm
100 % cov Re =
rate flow feed
rate flow Permeate
ery
Q
2
=47 MGD
Q6
Q1
Q2
Q4
Q5 Q3
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
ion concentrat salt f eed
ion concentrat salt permeate
rejection salt 1
TDS
2
= 2156.79 ppm
Material balance on first stage:

( ) ( ) ( )
ppm TDS
Q TDS Q TDS Q TDS
65488
3
3 2 1
=
+ =
Q6
Q1
Q2
Q4
Q5 Q3
( ) ( ) ( )
5 5 4 4 2 2
TDS Q TDS Q TDS Q + =
TDS
5
=13415 ppm
Material balance on second stage:

( ) ( ) ( )
6 6 4 4 1 1
TDS Q TDS Q TDS Q + =
The overall salt balance for the system
TDS
6
= 61550.46 ppm
Added for pH adjustment to minimize the corrosion in the
product water pipes
The calculation was based on
The required pH for drinking and potable water is in the range
of 6.5 9.5
Neutralization of acid
Adjust pH from 7 to 8
Capacity of each filter = 600L/min
number of filter = 582 filter
349 x 10
3
L/min
Feed flow rate =
feed water flow rate / filter capacity
= Number of filter element
Filter cartridge/ vessel = 26
Number of vessel = 25
( 23 in operate + 2 standby)
P = 4 psi per 1 m
3
/min

The feed flowrate inter each vessel= 15 m
3
/min

Total P = 15 x 4 = 60 psi = 4 bar

number of module =
min
19
mod
Gallon
Q
ule
=
min
92361
Gallon
Q
feed
=
4861
mod
=
ule
feed
Q
Q
module

number of configuration = 203 configuration
ions C (mg/l) C (mol/L)
Mg
+2
829.35 0.03412
Ca
+2
488 0.0122
Na
+
13160.22 0.572
HCO
3
_
115.9 0.0019
SO
4
-2
3473 0.03617
Cl
-
23811 0.6726
( ) 32899 . 1 =
i
m
( ) ( )
i osm
m T P + = 273 19 . 1
psi P
osm
28 . 471 =
For feed
element Area element membrane flux Q
vessel per
#
,
=
vessels per
stage per
Q
Q
vessels of Number
,
1 ,
=
6 = vessels of Number element of Number
properties Stage #1 Stage#2
Permeate flow
47 MGD 40 MGD
Q
per,vessel
2755 L/h 2755 L/h
# of vessels
2690 2290
# of element
16140 13740
One vessels
Feed
Permeate
7 . 1
01 . 0
fc fc
q n q = A
( )
2
flow e concentrat flow feed
q
fc
+
=
The calculations of pressure drop in RO membrane
( ) vessels one per psi q
fc
7 . 17 38 . 28 6 01 . 0
7 . 1
= = A
1. Chemicals
Sodium Hypochlorite
Antiscalent
Hydrochloric acid (HCL)
Sodium bio-sulphate
Coagulant (Aluminum sulphate)
NaOH
2. Process
MMF
Membrane
Desalination plant Intake
3. Products
Brine

1. Chemicals

2. Process
Sand filter
Advantage:
Sand work as a filter
Disadvantages:
Need higher pressure
Limits on flow rate
Cost

1) Mix brine with seawater before
discharge.
3. Products
2) More than one discharge.
These are located a way of each other at a distance.

RO
plant
Feed seawater
To
seawater
5) Deep well disposal

3) Mixing brine water with cooling water coming
from adjacent power plant.
4) Evaporation ponds
PID Before HAZOP
HAZOP analysis on water feed entering multi media filter. (Line no. 2)
Guide
Word
Deviation Causes Consequences & Action
NO FLOW -Pump failure
-Ruptured (broken) pipe
-Valve (V2) shut
-No product
oCheck valve
oCheck & Repair pump and pipe
oPut flow indicator (FI 2)
LESS FLOW -Pipe leakage
-Pump failure
-Low production quality
-Less feed pressure
-Slow operation
oCheck & Repair pump and pipe
MORE FLOW -Damage pump -The multi media will be shutdown.
-The ratio between feed water and
coagulant is not the same
-Need to fix coagulant dosing
-The efficiency of media filter will
decrease.
-The suspended solid will not be
removed
-Lower the product quality
-Over flow
-Lower removal capacity
oCheck & Repair V2
PID After Hazop