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NUMBER SYSTEM
Real number
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Learning Outcomes
(a) To define and understand natural, whole, integers, prime
numbers, rational and irrational numbers.
(b) To represent rational and irrational numbers in decimal
form,
(c) To represent the relationship of number sets in a real
numbers
(d) To state clearly the properties of real numbers
(e) To understand open, closed and half open interval and their
representations on the number line.
(f) To understand that the end point of and open interval on
the number line are usually represented as empty circles,
whereas the end points of a closed interval are
represented by dense circles, -.
(g) To simplify union, , and intersection, , of two or more
intervals with the aid of number line.
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the set of counting numbers
N = {1, 2, 3 }

Prime numbers : the number
greater than 1 and can be
divided by itself only.

Prime number = {2, 3, 5, 7 }
Natural Numbers
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The natural numbers,
together with the number 0

W = {0, 1, 2, 3 }.

Do you know what is the
whole numbers?
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The Integers
The whole numbers together with the
negative of counting numbers form the set
of integers and denoted by Z.
Z = {, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 }
Integers
Positive integers
Z
+
= {1, 2, 3 }
0
Negative integers
Z
-
= {, -3, -2, -1}.

Integers
Odd numbers
{2k + 1, k e Z}
Even numbers
{2k, k e Z}
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The rational numbers
A rational number is any number
that can be represented as a
ratio (quotient) of two integers
and can be written as
)
`

= e = 0 , , ; b Z b a
b
a
Q
Rational number can be expressed
as terminating or repeating
decimals
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Irrational number
The number cannot be written
as a quotient and non repeating
decimal number.

Eg : 0.452138,

t , 3
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Rational
numbers
Irrational
Numbers

14159265 . 3
414214 . 1 2
~ H
~
25 . 0
4
1
... 363636 . 0
11
4
... 333 . 0
3
1
=
=
=
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Numbers that either
rational or irrational are
called real number, R.

10
Q

R

Q
Z

W
N

Relationship of Number Sets
From the diagram, we can see that : 1. N c W c Z c Q c R
2. Q = R Q
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For the set of {-5, -3, -1, 0, 3, 8},
identify the set of

(a) natural numbers :
N ={3,8}

(b) whole numbers
W = {0,3,8}

(c) prime numbers
prime number={3}

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(d) even numbers
even number={0,8}

(e) negative integers
={-5, -3,-1}

(f) odd numbers
odd number ={-5, -3, -1, 3}

Z
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Express each of this number as a
quotient
(a) 1.555 (b) 5.45959
(a) Let x = 1.555 (1)
(1) 10 10x = 15.555 (2)
thus, (2) (1), 9x = 14

x=
9
14
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Let x = 5.45959 (1)
(1) 10 10x = 54.5959 (2)
(2) 100 100x = 5459.5959 (3)
therefore, (3) (2), 990x = 5405

x =

=
990
5405
198
1081
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Properties of
Real Numbers
Addition Multiplication
1. Closure

a + b = c , c e R
6 + 7 = 13 e R
ab = d , d e R
6 7 = 42 e R
2. Commutative

a + b = b + a
2 + 5 = 5 + 2
ab = ba
2 5 = 5 2
3. Associative a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(1 + 3) + 2 = 1 + (3 + 2)
(ab)c = a(bc)
(4 3) 2 = 4 (3 2)
4. Distributive a(b + c) = ab + ac
4 (2 + 3) = 4 2 + 4 3
5. Identity a + 0 = 0 + a = a
5 + 0 = 0 + 5 = 5
a 1 = 1 a = a
3 1 = 1 3 = 3
6. Inverse

a + (a) = 0 = (a) + a
7 + (7) = 0 = (7) + 7



5
1
5 1 5
5
1
= =
a
a a
a
1
1
1
= =
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Example
Write down the type of properties for this statement
(a) 3 + 4x = 4x + 3
Commutative

(b) x (y + z) = xy + xz
Distributive

(c) 3ab + 0 = 3ab
Identity for Addition Operation

(d) 2 (3n) = (2(3)) n
Associative for Multiply Operation
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Example
Given a, b e R, ab = 1. Prove that a =
b
1
.

Solution
Given ab = 1
(ab)
|
.
|

\
|
b
1
= 1 |
.
|

\
|
b
1
a
|
.
|

\
|

b
b
1
=
b
1
(associative and identity)

b
1
(Inverse)

b
1
(identity)
a 1 =
a =
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The number line
The set of numbers that corresponds to all point on number
lines is called the set of real number.
The real numbers on the number line are ordered in
increasing magnitude from the left to the right

3
2
4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
3.5
[
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Type of interval
a) Open interval (a, b) or
{x : a < x < b}




b) Closed interval [a, b] or
{x: a x b}




b) Half closed interval,
(i) (a, b] or {x : a < x b}


(ii) [a, b) or {x : a x < b}
a b
a b
a b
a b
i)
ii)
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Example
List the number described and graph the numbers on a
number line.
a)The whole number less than 4
W = {0 , 1, 2 , 3}

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
- - - -
b) The integer between 3 and 9
Z = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
- - - - -
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Example
List the number described and graph the numbers on a
number line.
a) The integer between 3 and 9 :
Z = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
- - - - -
b) The integers greater than -3
Z = {-2, -1, 0 }

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
- - - - -


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Example
Represent the following interval on the real number line and
state the type of the interval.
(a) [-1, 4] (b) {x : 2 < x < 5}
(c) [2, ) (d) {x : x
0, x e R}
-1 4

a)


closed interval

2 5

open interval

b)
c)
2

half-open interval

d)
0


half-open interval

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Intersection and union operation
example
Given A = [1 , 6) and B = (2, 4),
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Union ()
Intersection ()
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Example
Solve the following using the number line [0, 5) (4, 7)

0 4 5 7

[0, 5) (4, 7) = [0, 7)
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Solve the following using the number line
(b) (, 5) (1, 9)




1 5 9
(, 5) (1, 9) = (1, 5)
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Solve the following using the number line
(c) (, 0] [0, )
- 0
(, 0] [0, ) = (, ) = R
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Solve the following using the number line
(d) (4, 2) (0, 4] [2, 2)
Consider
(4, 2) (0, 4]


-4 0 2 4
(4, 2) (0, 4] = (4, 4]
-4 -2 0 2 4
(4, 4] [2, 2) = [2, 2)
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Example
Given A = {x : -2 < x s 5} and B = {x : 0 < x s 7}.
Show that A B = (0, 5].
2 0 5 7
(2, 5] (0, 7] = (0, 5]