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Mr Khairul Hafezad Bin Abdullah Center for Foundation Studies Management and Science ni!ersit" #MS $ 2%%&
Introduction
What are element? Elements - Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions Example: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen What are compound? Compounds - Substance that consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio Example: sodium chloride (Na l!
Introduction
carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen make up "#$ of li%ing matter main elements
'race elements
( 'race elements are those re)uired by an organism in only minute )uantities Some trace elements, such as iron (*e! , are needed by all forms of life+ others are only re)uired only by certain species Example: In %ertebrates (animal with backbones!, the element iodine (I! is an essential ingredient of a hormone produced by the thyroid gland, -n iodine deficiency in the diet causes the thyroid gland to grow to abnormal si.e, a condition called goiter
0ain elements
, 1, 2 (main elements!
-//
-//
3 N, S
3 N, 4
arbohydrate /ipid
5ater
2rganic molecules
What is organic molecule? - chemical compounds that contain carbon - organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons (
0acromolecule
- large complex assemblies - in many cases, these macromolecules are polymers, molecules built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits
Next Word..
A Polymer
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are.
MONOMER ? ?
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?
A Polymer
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are.
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?
7uilding macromolecule
8ehydration synthesis
( -7iological macromolecules are polymers formed by linking subunits together -the remo%al of 921 group and 91 -creates a water molecule for e%ery bond formed -Energy is re)uired to break the chemical bonds when the water is extracted from the subunits ( ( (
1ydrolysis
-:e%erse of hydration -7reaking the bond between subunits -- hydrogen atom is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group to the other, breaking a specific co%alent bond in the macromolecules -:elease the energy that was stored in the bonds that were broken
( ( (
3 4
The Big 4
There are 4 types of biochemical macromolecules
Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels
The ! biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label Loo at the label to the are"
NUCLEIC ACIDS
The types of Nucleic Acids #e #ill study are" $NA %$eoxyriboNucleic Acid& 'NA %'iboNucleic Acid&
They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.
THI!"#
$arbohydrate *efinition # The carbohydrate are group of molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and o/ygen in the molar ratio 0#1#0.Their empirical formula is 2$H134n, n) the number of carbon atoms 5 'ecause they contain many carbon6hydrogen 2$6H4 bonds, which release energy when they are broken, carbohydrates are well suited for energ" storage
8orms of carbohydrate
Simple Sugars
/omplex /arbohydrates
@6carbon sugars
7onosaccharide
?6carbon sugar
A 6form of glucose
B6 form of glucose
9isaccharide
=olysaccharide
5 macromolecules made up of
monosaccharide subunits. 5(tarch is a polysaccharide used by plant to store energy. 5 $ellulose is a polysaccharide that serDes as a structural building material in plants.
C (ugars like sucrose and lactose are disaccharide, composed of two monosaccharides linked by a coDalent bond
5These polysaccharides consists entirely of glucose molecules linked together into chains, and special enEymes are reFuired to break the links
(tructural carbohydrates#
$ellulose 5 chief component of cell walls 5 the starch6degrading enEymes that occur in most organisms cannot break the bond between two beta6 glucose sugars 5 Its cleaDage reFuires an enEyme most organisms lack 5 'ecause cellulose cannot be broken readily, it works well as a biological structural material and occurs widely in this role in plants
$hitin 5 (tructural building material in insects, many fungi, and certain other organisms 5 7odified form of cellulose with a nitrogen group added to the glucose units 5 .hen cross6linked by proteins, it forms a tough,resistant surface material that serDes as the hard e/oskeleton or arthropods such as insects and crustaceans
Cellulose
2ain function
buildin3 material for structure
/hitin
2ain function
buildin3 material for structure
5In plants6 in the seeds 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 5In animals6 in adipose tissue, connectiDe tissue, in animals 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 5-ipids make up the cell membrane of all cells. .hat>s that double layer called?
Lipids i% a%imal
e%ergy storage 'ushio% i%sulatio%
Lipids i% a%imal
-ipids are chains 2polymers4 made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is
Lipids ( Trigelyserides
ester linkage
'omposed
also 'alled
trigly'eride s
E
This is a triglyceride molecule
Lipids
%t room temperature, the molecules of a saturated fat are packed closely, forming a solid. %t room temperature, the molecules of an unsaturated fat cannot pack together closely enough to solidify 2kinks4.
"hospholipids
1 3lycerol4 2 fatty acids4 and a phosphate
3roup
L-P-$*
The following slides giDe you a little more in depth info on things that are made of proteins
Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this.
This is skin
This is a nail
The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell so it doesnt leak out. It is kind of like the balloon in a water balloon. The cell membrane is made mostly of protein AND lipids.
These are where the hormone producing glands are located in your body.
Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy. If you have an over active thyroid, you use energy quickly and tend to be very thin and have a hard time putting on weight. If you have an under active thyroid gland, you use energy very slowly and tend to carry more body fat and have a difficult time losing it. Dont be quick to think you have a thyroid problem if you are overweight, chances are its actually your eating and exercise habits!
5In plant foods6 in the cell membranes 5In animal products6 in the cell membranes6 in the muscles or liDing things6 cows, chicken, fish
Proteins
Proteins
%side from the protein found in animal sources protein can also be found in fruits, Degetables, grains, and nuts. 2it <ust does not haDe as many amino acids4
=roteins are made of long chains 2polymers4 made of monomers. %ll proteins are made of the monomer
=&3T*I!( *efinition : % protein is composed of one or more long chains, or polypeptides , composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds 82/4 # 04 Enz"me catal"sis : globular proteins which facilititates chemical reactions 14 *efense : Gse their shapes to :recogniEe; foreign microbes and cancer cells 34 /ransport 44 Support ?4 Motion : transport specific small molecules and ions : play structural roles H etc# keratin in hair : contractile proteins also play key roles in the cell>s cytoskeleton and in moDing materials within cells @4 0egulation : play many regulatory roles within the cell, turning on and shutting off genes during deDelopment
protei%s
1rimar" structure The specific amino acid seFuence of protein.
Secondar" structure: The folding of the amino acid chain by hydrogen bonding into characteristic coils and pleats is called secondary structure. */ample# fibrous proteins
/ertiar" structure # The final folding and twisting that results in the final three dimensional shape of a polypeptide shape is called globular protein. */ample# enEymes
2uarternar" structure # .hen two or more polypeptide chains associate to form functional protein, the indiDidual chains are referred to as subunits of the protein */ample # Hemoglobin 2 two A6chain subunits I two J6 chain subunits4
Water
Chemistry of water - 567 of earth is co8ered by li9uid #ater : 2;! of or3anisms body is composed of #ater4 essential for reproduction and or3anism 3ro#th : colorless4 odorless4 tasteless Atomi' stru'ture o& ,ater
ater is a "olar ater 'o%sists o& a% oxyge% atom 2ole'ule bou%d to t,o 3has oppositely hydroge% atoms by 'harged e%ds t,o si%gle 'o-ale%t bo%ds. /xyge% has u%paired 0 paired ele'tro%s ,hi'h gi-es it a slightly %egati-e 'harge ,hile 1ydroge% has %o u%paired ele'tro%s a%d shares all others ,ith /xyge% Lea-es mole'ule ,ith positi-ely a%d %egati-e 'harged e%ds
14D#/5EN B/NDS
1old ,ater Extraordi%ary
mole'ules together Ea'h ,ater mole'ule 'a% &orm a maximum o& 4 hydroge% bo%ds The hydroge% bo%ds 6oi%i%g ,ater mole'ules are ,ea78 about )9:;th as stro%g as 'o-ale%t bo%ds. They &orm8 brea78 a%d re&orm ,ith great &re<ue%'y
temperature 1igh heat o& -apori=atio% Expa%ds ,he% it &ree=es >ersatile sol-e%t
h"drogen bond bet'een #3$ and #4$ areas of different 'ater molecules
ater?s "roperties
Cohesio% Adhesio% Capillarity 1igh Spe'i&i' 1eat 1igh 1eat o& >apori=atio% Solid ,ater @i'eA is less de%se tha% li<uid Sol-e%t Tra%spare%t
Cohesio%
ater 'li%gs to polar mole'ules through hydroge% bo%di%g Cohesio% re&ers to attra'tio% to other ,ater mole'ules. respo%sible &or sur&a'e te%sio%
a
Adhesio%
Adhesio%
re&ers to attra'tio% to other substa%'es. ater is adhesi-e to a%y substa%'e ,ith ,hi'h it 'a% &orm hydroge%
Capillary a'tio%
)s n a h t l Al to en og g5 r d h" ndin bo
5trees ha!e specialized structures to transport 'ater: 6"lem and phloem 7plumbing8 5 'ater molecules are 7dragged8 from the roots to the top of the tree b" capillar" action and cohesion: h"drogen bonds help 'ater molecules to each other
Amou%t o& heat that must be absorbed or expe%ded to 'ha%ge the temperature o& )g o& a substa%'e )o C.
Amou%t o& e%ergy re<uired to 'ha%ge )g o& li<uid ,ater i%to a gas @BCD 'aloriesA. large %umber o& hydroge% bo%ds bro7e% ,he% heat e%ergy is applied
o& the li<uid that remai%s behi%d 'ools 3 E-aporati-e 'ooli%g. E-aporati-e 'ooli%g moderates temperature i% la7es a%d po%ds a%d pre-e%ts terrestrial orga%isms &rom o-erheati%g. E-aporatio% o& ,ater &rom the lea-es o& pla%ts or the s7i% o& a%imals remo-es ex'ess heat.
This is 3ood for us<< They pull a lot of heat a#ay from our bodies #hen they e8aporate.
EU%i-ersalF Sol-e%t
A li<uid that is a 'ompletely homoge%eous
mixture o& t,o or more substa%'es is 'alled a solutio%. A sugar 'ube i% a glass o& ,ater ,ill e-e%tually dissol-e to &orm a u%i&orm mixture o& sugar a%d ,ater. The dissol-i%g age%t is the sol-e%t a%d the substa%'e that is dissol-ed is the solute. I% our example8 ,ater is the sol-e%t a%d sugar the solute. I% a% a<ueous solutio%8 ,ater is the sol-e%t. ater is %ot really a u%i-ersal sol-e%t8 but it is
ater is a% e&&e'ti-e sol-e%t as it 'a% &orm hydroge% bo%ds. ater 'li%gs to polar mole'ules 'ausi%g them to be soluble i% ,ater. 1ydrophili' 3 attra'ted to ,ater ater te%ds to ex'lude %o%polar
mole'ules o& %utrie%ts a%d ,astes orga%isms Nutrie%ts dissol-ed i% ,ater get tra%sported through pla%ts U%i'ellular orga%isms that li-e i% ,ater absorb %eeded dissol-ed substa%'es
ater is Tra%spare%t
The &a't that ,ater is 'lear allo,s light
to pass through it
A<uati' pla%ts 'a% re'ei-e su%light Light 'a% pass through the eyeball to
p1
ater io%i=es i%to 1H a%d /13 1:/ 1H a%d /13
p1 s'ale expresses hydroge% io% @1HA
'o%'e%tratio% i% a solutio%.
logarithmi' s'ale ra%gi%g &rom ;3)4 %eutral G I Belo, I G a'id Abo-e I G base ater at :BoC 'o%tai%s )9);8;;;8;;; mole o& 1H io%s G ); 3I moles9liter
p1
G 3log J1HK
A'ids
A'ids disso'iate i% ,ater to i%'rease the
Bases
Bases 'ombi%e ,ith 1H io%s ,he% dissol-ed
Bu&&ers
Bu&&ers
a't as a reser-oir &or hydroge% io%s8
do%ati%g or remo-i%g them &rom solutio% as %e'essary /&&er prote'tio% &rom extreme p1 le-els "rodu'ed %aturally by orga%isms(
/rga%isms 'a%?t tolerate mu'h p1 'ha%ge Cells &u%'tio% best ,ithi% a %arro, p1 ra%ge