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CHE 321
Fall 2013
Dont Forget!
You are allowed to bring a 5x8 cheat sheet to the exam. Your card must be completely handwritten. Make it ASAP. You may also bring a model kit.
Chapter 1 Review
Timothy Shub
IHD =
(2C +2) (H + X N)
C7H12 =
(2*7+2) (12 + 0 0) 2
(16) (12) 2
2
Counts as 2 double bonds
1 index can be either a double bond or ring 2 indices can be 2 double bonds, 2 rings, a double bond and a ring, or a triple bond Possible Isomers Slide created by Olivia Cheng
Electronegativity
Valence Electrons
S The Valence shell is the outermost shell S # Of Valence Electrons (electrons in the valence shell) at
3 4 5 6 7
10 11 12 13 14
Formal Charge
S How do we calculate formal charge? SIMPLE!
Valence e- - bonded e- - unshared eS There is 1 bonded e- per bond, so in a double bond there are 2
bonded eS
Oxygen (all the way on right)624=0 Oxygen (double bonded oxygen)624=0 Nitrogen 532=0 ___________________________ Oxygen (all the way on right)6 3 2 = +1 Oxygen (formerly double bonded)6 1 6 = -1 Nitrogen532 =0
________________________________ ____
Resonance
S Electrons have the ability to move and so lone pairs can
become a multiple bond (double bond or triple bond) or a multiple bond can become a lone pair!
S Electrons can only move to adjacent bonds or atoms
S Many atoms cannot exceed the octet (like carbon) but
Geometrical Shapes
CHECK WIKIPEDIA!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry
S
S S S S
A) Linear
B) Bent C) Trigonal Pyramidal D) Tetrahedral E) Trigonal Planar
3 4 5 6 7
Hybridization
sp sp2 sp3 s p
Hybridization state of central atom sp sp2 sp3 ~sp3 (w/1 Lone pair) ~sp3 (w/2Lone pairs)
Shape of molecule or ion Examples Linear Trigonal planar Tetrahedral Trigonal Pyramidal Angular/bent BeH2, CO2 BF3, CH3+ CH4, NH4+ NH3, CH3H2O
determine how much s character it has simply take 1 and divide it by 4 (1+3) then multiply by 100 to find the %!
S Likewise, if something is sp2 and you want to know how
much p character it has, simply take 2 (since 2 p orbitals are present) and divide it by 3 (2+1).
S More s character means MORE STABLE!
Examplezzzz
(We love examplez)
Remember: Constitutional Isomers = Diff compounds, same molecular formula Contributing structures (resonance)= Different electronic configurations of the same molecule!
and now I welcome my esteemed colleague APRIL SLAMOWITZ!!!!! To help you guys with chapter 2 ^_^
APRIL.SLAMOWITZ@STONYBROOK.EDU
OFFICE HOURS THURSDAY 11:30-12:30PM CLC
Functional Groups
Organic Lingo: common and specific arrangements of atoms that impart predictable reactivity and properties to a molecule Average Human Lingo: combinations of atoms that occur together on a molecule which influence the way a molecule reacts and its properties
Exam 1, 2012 Q1
Aromatic compounds: contain a special type of benzene rings Bonds are in resonance, therefore bond length is between a single and double bond (1.5 bonds) Symbolized by Ar (for aromatic)
In Summary
IMF
(ion-ion )
Hydrochloric acid has a covalent bond. The electrons are shared unequally between the two atoms, creating a slightly positive and slightly negative end.
Responsible for base-pairing of DNA nucleotides (Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine) The reason that water is a liquid at room temperature
If water did not have hydrogen bonds, water would boil at -80C and there would be no life probably
What is life?!
Because electrons are always moving, there is a small instant of time where one side of the molecule is more negatively or positively charged than the other
A small, temporary dipole moment will occur and this will cause an attraction between two molecules
Ion-dipole Forces
The interaction with an ion and a permanent dipole Usually result in solvation of the ion within a solution
Generally, the weaker the IMF, the easier it is to separate the molecules from one another, the lower the BP
Dispersion forces < dipole-dipole < hydrogen bonds < ion-dipole < covalent < ion-ion forces
Solubility
The dissolution of a solid into a liquid Ions are always more soluble in water because they are able to form ion-dipole bonds with water!
The solid must have some shared properties with the liquid it is dissolving in
like dissolves like
Hyrdophobic: water fearing, will not dissolve in water, usually nonpolar Hyrdophillic: water loving, will dissolve in water, usually polar *Water is polar!*
Thats it!
Go home! Good luck! Get some sleep! Dont go partying on Tuesday night! Come to office hours! Study hard!