Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hosein Sabaghian-Bidgoli
hsabaghianb@gmail.com
January 11, 2009
Outlines
Outlines (cont.)
Task classification
Internal sensor system
Standard Storage Testbed Diagnostic and debugging support Localization Synchronization Coverage Compression and aggregation Security Transport Network Data link Physical Cross-layer
Network services
Communication protocol
Conclusion
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WSN survey and research challenges
Main references
1.
2.
3.
Ian F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam, and Erdal Cayirci, A Survey on Sensor Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, August 2002 Ian F. Akyildiz, Ismail H. Kasimoglu, Wireless sensor and actor networks research challenges, Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks 2 (2004) 351367 Jennifer Yick, Biswanath Mukherjee, Dipak Ghosal, Wireless sensor network survey, Elsevier Computer Networks 52 (2008) 22922330
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Wireless Ad hoc Network (Fall 2008)
Introduction
WSN communication Architecture
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Introduction
Components of Sensor Node
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Introduction
Protocol Stack
Protocols
should be
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Introduction
WSN Design Factors
Fault
Tolerance Scalability Production Costs Hardware Constraints Sensor Network Topology Environment Transmission Media Power Consumption
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Nodes are prone to unexpected failure (more than other network) Fault tolerance is the ability to sustain sensor network functionalities without any interruption due to sensor node failures.
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cost of a single node must be low given the amount of functionalities Much less than $1
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May be inaccessible
either because of hostile environment or because they are embedded in a structure
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Infrared
Optical Acoustic
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conservation
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WSAN Capabilities
Observing the physical world Processing the data Making decisions Performing appropriate actions battlefield surveillance microclimate control in buildings nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection Home automation environmental monitoring
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WSAN applications:
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requirement Coordination:
Sensor-Actor Coordination Actor-Actor Coordination
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WSN survey and research challenges
WSN structure
A
WSN typically has little or no infrastructure There are two types of WSNs
Structured model Unstructured model
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Unstructured model
Densely
deployed (many node) Randomly Deployed Can have uncovered regions Left unattended to perform the task Maintenance is difficult
managing connectivity detecting failures
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Structured model
Deployed
in a pre-planned manner Fewer nodes Lower network maintenance Lower cost No uncovered regions
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WSN constraints
Resource constraints
limited energy short communication range low bandwidth limited processing limited storage
Design constraints
application dependent environment dependent
size of the network / number of node deployment scheme network topology (obstacle)
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2. underground WSN
Preplanned more expensive equipment, deployment, maintenance
3. underwater WSN
fewer sensor nodes( sparse deployment) more expensive than terrestrial acoustic wave communication
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5. mobile WSN
ability to reposition and organize itself in the network Start with Initial deployment and spread out to gather information deployment, localization, self-organization, navigation and control, coverage, energy, maintenance, data process
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WSN applications
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Coupled with todays technology Lead to different hardware platforms and software development more experimental work is necessary to make these applications more reliable and robust in the real world Applying sensor technology to industrial applications will improve business
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Tasks Classification
Systems
Each sensor node is an individual system Development of new platforms, operating systems, and storage schemes
Communication protocols
Between sensors In different layer(app, trspt, net, DLink, phy)
services
which are developed
to enhance the application to improve system performance and network efficiency
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sensor platform
radio components processors Storage sensors (multiple)
OS
OS must support these sensor platforms
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Platform Sample 1
(Bluetooth-based sensor networks)
WSN typically uses single freq (Share channel) BTnodes use spread-spectrum transmission A special version of TinyOS is used Two radio communication
Master (up to 7 connection) Slave
Note:
Bluetooth is connection oriented New node enables its slave radio Topology: connected tree high throughput, high energy consumption
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IEEE 802.15.4:
standard for low rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPAN) low cost deployment low complexity low power consumption topology :star and peer-to-peer physical layer: 868/915 MHz ~2.4 GHz MAC layer: CSMA-CA mechanism
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ZigBee
higher layer communication protocols built on the IEEE 802.15.4 standards for LR-PANs. simple, low cost, and low power embedded applications can form mesh networks connecting hundreds to thousands of devices together. types of ZigBee devices:
ZigBee coordinator: stores information, bridge ZigBee router: link groups of devices ZigBee end device: sensors, actuators communicate only to routers
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IEEE 802.15.3:
physical and MAC layer standard high data rate WPAN. support real-time multi-media streaming data rates (11 Mbps to 55 Mbps) time division multiple access (TDMA) =>QoS synchronous and asynchronous data transfer wireless speakers, portable video, wireless connectivity for gaming, cordless phones, printers, and televisions
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ISA100.11a
defines the specifications for the OSI layer, security, and system management low energy consumption, scalability, infrastructure, robustness interoperability with other wireless devices use only 2.4 GHz radio and channel hopping to minimize interference provides simple, flexible, and scaleable security functionality.
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6LoWPAN
IPv6-based Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks over an IEEE 802.15.4 based network. Low power device can communicate directly with IP devices using IPbased protocols
Wibree
designed for low power consumption, short-range communication, and low cost devices is designed to work with Bluetooth operates on 2.4 GHz data rate of 1 Mbps linking distance is 510 m. was released publicly in October 2006.
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problems
storage space is limited Communication is expensive
Solutions
Aggregation and compression query-and-collect (selective gathering) a storage model to satisfy storage constraints and query requirements
Each node has a label encoded with its position each data item has a name that can be mapped to a label
TSAR: Two-tier sensor storage architecture Multi-resolution storage: provides storage and long-term querying of the data for data-intensive applications [3]
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Provides researchers a way to test their protocols, algorithms, network issues and applications in real world setting Controlled environment to deploy, configure, run, and monitoring of sensor remotely Some testbeds: ORBIT: Open access research testbed for next generation wireless networks
64 nodes, 1 GHZ MoteLab: web-based WSN testbed central server handles scheduling, reprogramming and data logging of the nodes Emulab: remotely accessible mobile and wireless sensor (such
as a robot)
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Measure and monitor the sensor node performance of the overall network to guarantee the success of the sensor network in the real environment Sympathy:
is a diagnosis tool for detecting and debugging failures in sensor networks designed for data-collection applications detects failures in a system by selecting metrics such as
Connectivity data flow nodes neighbor
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optimization of (HW, SW, HW/SW) to make a WSN efficient more practical platform solution for problems in new applications data structure
Performance energy-efficient storage
Performance
communication throughput when network size increases Scalability issues can degrade system performance Optimizing protocols at different layers
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Network services
Localization Synchronization Coverage Compression and aggregation Security
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Problem:
determining the nodes location (position)
Solutions:
global positioning system (GPS)
Simple Expensive outdoor
proximity-based
Make use of neighbor nodes to determine their position then act as beacons for other nodes [3]
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solutions:
Moores algorithm:
distributed algorithm for location estimation without the use of GPS or fixed beacon (anchor) nodes algorithm has three phases:
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solutions:
Other solutions:
Secure localization:
goal is to prevent malicious beacon nodes from providing false location to sensors Sensors must only accept information from authenticated beacon nodes Sensors should be able to request location information at anytime Upon a location request, information exchange must take place immediately and not at a later time. SeRloc, Beacon Suite, DRBTS, SPINE, ROPE
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solutions:
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Network services
Synchronization
Time
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Network services
Synchronization
Uncertainty-driven approach Lucarellis algorithm Reachback firefly algorithm (RFA) Timing-sync protocol for sensor network (TPSN) CSMNS Time synchronization (TSync) Global synchronization
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Network services
Synchronization
synchronization issues
adjusting their local clocks to a common time scale masterslave synchronization peer-to-peer synchronization clock correction untethered clocks internal synchronization, external synchronization, Probabilistic synchronization, deterministic synchronization, sender to receiver synchronization, and receiver-to-receiver synchronization.
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Network services
Coverage
Is
important in evaluating effectiveness Degree of coverage is application dependent Impacts on energy conservation Techniques:
selecting minimal set of active nodes to be awake to maintain coverage sensor deployment strategies
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Network services
Compression and aggregation
Both of them
reduce communication cost increase reliability of data transfer
Data-compression
compressing data before transmission to base Decompression occurs at the base station no information should be lost
data aggregation
data is collected from multiple sensors combined together to transmit to base station Is used in cluster base architectures
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Network services
Security
Constraints
a WSN
limitations in storage limitations in communication limitations in computation limitations in processing capabilities
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Network services
Open research issues
localization
efficient algorithms minimum energy minimum cost minimum localization errors
Coverage: optimizing for better energy conservation time synchronization: minimizing uncertainty errors over long periods of time and dealing with precision compression and aggregation: Development of various scheme
event-based data collection continuous data collection
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Communication protocol
Transport
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Communication protocol
Transport layer
Packet loss
may be due to
bad radio communication, congestion, packet collision, memory full, node failures
Communication protocol
Transport layer
Congestion
control/packet recovery
hop-by-hop
intermediate cache more energy efficient (shorter retransmission) higher reliability
end-to-end
source caches the packet Variable reliability
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Communication protocol
Transport layer
Sensor transmission control protocol (STCP) Price-oriented reliable transport protocol (PORT) GARUDA Delay sensitive transport (DST) Pump slowly, fetch quickly (PSFQ) Event-to-sink reliable transport (ESRT) Congestion detection and avoidance (CODA):
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optimization
selecting better paths for retransmission getting error reports from the link layer
Fairness
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Communication protocol
Network layer
Important:
protocols
location-based: considers node location to route data cluster-based: employs cluster heads to do data aggregation and relay to base station
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Communication protocol
Network layer (Open research issues)
QoS
guarantees end-to-end delay and energy efficient routing
node mobility
handle frequent topology changes and reliable delivery
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Communication protocol
Data-link layer (Open research issues)
Comparing performance of existing protocols of static network in a mobile network improve communication reliability and energy efficiency
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Communication protocol
Physical layer
Bandwidth
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Communication protocol
Physical layer (Open research issues)
Future work
new innovations in low power radio design with emerging technologies exploring ultra-wideband techniques as an alternative for communication creating simple modulation schemes to reduce synchronization and transmission power building more energy-efficient protocols and algorithms
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Communication protocol
Cross-layer interactions (Open research issues)
Collaboration
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Conclusion
Large number of application is exist regarding to WSN Large number of work has done on WSN There are still many open issue research in WSN Open research area:
Application-specific characteristic Power efficient algorithm Cross-layer optimization more experimental work to reach more reliability Improvement of existing protocol Security Error reduction in localization
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Main references
1.
2.
3.
Ian F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam, and Erdal Cayirci, A Survey on Sensor Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, August 2002 Ian F. Akyildiz, Ismail H. Kasimoglu, Wireless sensor and actor networks research challenges, Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks 2 (2004) 351367 Jennifer Yick, Biswanath Mukherjee, Dipak Ghosal, Wireless sensor network survey, Elsevier Computer Networks 52 (2008) 22922330
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