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Urban demand
Industrial Demand
Agricultural Demand
2025
770 BCM
Total 1013 BCM Aggregate annual utilizable water in India 1100 BCM
1947 2000
2017
1600 Cu.m
Groundwater Depletion
The blocks in red are areas where, due to extraction of groundwater, especially for irrigation, the groundwater levels have fallen by more than 4 metres (@ > 20 cm/year) during 1981-2000
Source: CGWB
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Environmental Problems
Industrialization Urbanization Agricultural Modernization Rapid Growth without taking into account environmental issues
I.
29000 Million litres per day (MLD) waste water is generated and only 6000 MLD is collected and treated. Rest are discharged untreated in water bodies and land causing pollution in surface and groundwater.
Recommendations
In phase manner, MWW to be collected and treated as per standard of CPCB/SPCB, and also considering pollution status of recipient water bodies. More emphasis to use treated water for irrigation etc. Minimum flow of water in river to be maintained to achieve desired water quality. Promotion of more decentralised waste water treatment facility. Linking of rivers for optimum utilisation of water resources. Quality of water at water intake point of water works to be strictly maintained as per CPCB guidelines. 10
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ND
ND-1.55
ND-0.07
ND- 0.44
ND-0.90
ND- 1.26
Varanasi
ND
ND- 0.54
ND- 0.13
ND- 0.85
ND- 2.08
ND- 0.16
ND- 1.51
Patna
ND0.01 ND ND
ND- 0.13
ND- 0.32
ND- 0.83
ND- 0.33
ND- 0.22
ND-1.45
Dakshinawar
ND- 1.30
ND- 0.14
ND- 33.8
ND-1.28
ND- 0.70
ND- 0.21
ND- 0.87
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Pesticides in Water
170 registered pesticides in India manufactured, used, imported and exported. Four major categoriesOrganochlorine Organophasphate Carbamates and Pyretriods Organochlorine pesticides are major concern because of these are persistence, toxicity, lipophiticity and transboundary movements.
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a. b. c. d.
Mn
Hg
0.05
0.001
AU
Many
40%
5%
Majority
None
3%
None
Zn
Majority
None
Many
<1%
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Wastewater Reuse
Advantages:
This technology reduces the demands on potable sources of freshwater. It may reduce the need for large wastewater treatment systems, if significant portions of the waste stream and reused or recycled. The technology may diminish the volume of wastewater discharged, resulting in a beneficial impact on the aquatic environment. Capital costs are low to medium for most systems and are recoverable in a very short time; this excludes systems designed for direct reuse of sewage water. Operation and maintenance are relatively simple except in direct reuse systems where more extensive technology quality control are required. Provision of nutrient-rich wastewaters can increase agricultural production in water-poor areas. Pollution of rivers and ground waters may be reduced. In most cases, the quality of the wastewater, as an irrigation water supply, is superior to that of well water.
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Wastewater Reuse
Disadvantages:
Reuse of wastewater may be seasonal in nature, resulting in the overloading of treatment and disposal facilities during the rainy season; if the wet season is of long duration and/or high intensity, the seasonal discharge of raw wastewaters may occur. Health problems such as water-borne diseases and skin irritations, may occur in people coming into direct contact with reused wastewater. Gases, such as sulfuric acid, produced during the treatment process can result in chronic health problems. Application of untreated wastewater as irrigation water or as injected recharge water may result in groundwater contamination.
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Environmental Aspects
Major pollution problems such as dissolved oxygen eutrophication, foaming and fish kills can be avoided. depletion, Conservation or more rational usage of freshwater resources, especially in arid and semi-arid areas; fresh water for urban demand, wastewater for agriculture. Reduced requirements for artificial fertilizers, with a concomitant reduction in energy expenditure and industrial pollution elsewhere. Soil conservation through humans build-up and prevention of land erosion. Desertification control and desert reclamation through irrigation and fertilization of tree belts. Improved urban amenity through irrigation and fertilization of green spaces for recreation and visual appeal.
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Burden of diseases attributed to 10 selected leading risk factors in developing countries with high mortality
Percentage
0 Under w eight Unsaf e Sex Unsaf e w ater, sanitation and hygiene 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Remarks
Indoor smoke f rom solid f uels Zinc def iciency Iron def iciency Vitamin A def iciency Blood pressure Tobacco Cholesterol
Source: WHO, 2002. World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. WHO Geneva
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Deaths caused by selected infectious diseases in the SEA Region, 2002 (Figures in 000)
Mortality stratum Disease Respiratory infections Diarrhoeal diseases Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS Measles Malaria
Source: World Health Report 2002
Burden of disease in DALYs caused by selected infectious diseases in the SEA Region, 2002 (Figures in 000)
Mortality stratum
Disease Total 32904 22377 15968 13608 6922 3680 Low child, low adult 2497 1128 3549 1850 1151 353 High child, high adult 30407 21249 12149 11758 5771 3327
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Fluoride
Arsenic
Iron
Nitrate
Nitrate is emerging as a major problem in the States of Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh
29 projects were sanctioned for Andhra Pradesh, Karnatka, Kerala, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Madhra Pradesh26
Brackishness
unsafe drinking water Inadequate excreta disposal Agricultural run-off containing chemicals and pesticides
Urban
Lack of infrastructure to meet rapid population rise Uncontrolled industrialization Lack of waste management
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In India, the lack to access safe water and proper sanitation facilities is a major cause for diarrhoeal infections, and kills 600,000 people annually.
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Environmental Sanitation
Inadequate municipal waste water treatment facilities add to 75% of water pollution. Surface water sources get polluted due to municipal and industrial waste and agricultural runoff Quality of ground water deteriorates due to over exploitation, leaching of chemical fertilizers and or land disposal of municipal and industrial waste Lack of HH toilet facilities in the vulnerable areas Inadequate solid waste management and landfill dumping Lack of hygiene education and adaptation of poor personal hygiene practices. Poor drainage facilities leading to silage / rain water collection
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2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Enforcement of Environmental protection rules. Making sewage treatment mandatory to begin with all the Urban local bodies of class I cities under JNNURM and UIDSSMT programmers of MOUD Incentives for recycling & reuse of wastewater. Incentives for rain water harvesting Ground water recharge to form a part of development of an area ( towns, village) right from planning stage. Laboratory with logistic infrastructure. Regular monitoring of water quality at different stretches including ground water Updating of IS 10500, drinking water specification.
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Thank You
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