Lecture 14

Generalized Linear Phase
Quote of the Day

The mathematical sciences particularly exhibit
order, symmetry, and limitation; and these are
the greatest forms of the beautiful.

Aristotle
Content and Figures are from Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e by Oppenheim, Shafer, and Buck, 1999-2000 Prentice Hall
Inc.
Copyright (C) 2005 Gner Arslan
351M Digital Signal Processing
2
Linear Phase System
Ideal Delay System

Magnitude, phase, and group delay

Impulse response

If o=n
d
is integer

For integer o linear phase system delays the input

( ) t < e =
eo e
e e H
j j
id
( )
( )
( ) | | o =
eo = Z
=
e
e
e
j
id
j
id
j
id
e H grd
e H
1 e H
| |
( ) ( )
( ) o t
o t
=
n
n sin
n h
id
| | | |
d id
n n n h o =
| | | | | | | | | | | |
d d id
n n x n n n x n h n x n y = o - = - =
3
Linear Phase Systems
For non-integer o the output is an interpolation of samples
Easiest way of representing is to think of it in continuous

This representation can be used even if x[n] was not originally
derived from a continuous-time signal
The output of the system is

Samples of a time-shifted, band-limited interpolation of the
input sequence x[n]
A linear phase system can be thought as

A zero-phase system output is delayed by o
( ) ( ) ( )
T j
c c
e j H and T t t h
o O
= O o o =
| | ( ) T nT x n y o =
( ) ( )
eo e e
=
j j j
e e H e H
4
Symmetry of Linear Phase Impulse Responses
Linear-phase systems

If 2o is integer
Impulse response symmetric

( ) ( )
eo e e
=
j j j
e e H e H
| | | | n h n 2 h = o
o=5

o=4.5

o=4.3

5
Generalized Linear Phase System
Generalized Linear Phase

Additive constant in addition to linear term
Has constant group delay

And linear phase of general form

( ) ( )
| + eo e e
=
j j j j
e e A e H
( )
constants and
of function Real : e A
j
| o
e
e
( ) ( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) o =
e
= = e t
e e j j
e H arg
d
d
e H grd
( ) | | t < e s eo | =
e
0 e H arg
j
6
Condition for Generalized Linear Phase
We can write a generalized linear phase system response as

The phase angle of this system is

Cross multiply to get necessary condition for generalized linear
phase
( ) | | | | ( ) | | ( ) n sin n h j n cos n h e n h e H
n n
n j
n
j
e e = =

=
=
e
=
e
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) eo | + eo | = =
e e | + eo e e
sin e jA cos e A e e A e H
j j j j j j
( )
( )
| | ( )
| | ( ) n cos n h
n sin n h
cos
sin
n
n
e
e
=
eo |
eo |
=
| | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )
| | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
| | ( ) | | ( ) | | 0 n sin n h n sin n h
0 cos n sin sin n cos n h
0 cos n sin n h sin n cos n h
n n
n
n n
= o e + | = e + eo |
= eo | e eo | e
= eo | e eo | e

=
7
Symmetry of Generalized Linear Phase
Necessary condition for generalized linear phase

For |=0 or t

For |= t/2 or 3t/2

| | ( ) | | 0 n sin n h
n
= o e + |
=
| | ( ) | | | | | | n h n 2 h 0 n sin n h
n
= o = o e
=
| | ( ) | | | | | | n h n 2 h 0 n cos n h
n
= o = o e
=
8
Causal Generalized Linear-Phase System
If the system is causal and generalized linear-phase

Since h[n]=0 for n<0 we get

An FIR impulse response of length M+1 is generalized linear
phase if they are symmetric
Here M is an even integer

| | M n and 0 n 0 n h > < =
| | | | n h n M h =
9
Type I FIR Linear-Phase System
Type I system is defined with
symmetric impulse response

M is an even integer

The frequency response can
be written as

Where

| | | | M n 0 for n M h n h s s =
( ) | |
| | ( )
(
e =
=
=
e
e
=
e
n cos n a e
e n h e H
2 / M
0 n
2 / M j
n j
M
0 n
j
| | | |
| | | | M/2 1,2,..., k for k 2 / M h 2 k a
2 / M h 0 a
= =
=
10
Type II FIR Linear-Phase System

M is an odd integer

be written as

Where

| | | | M n 0 for n M h n h s s =
( ) | |
| |
( )
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
e =
=
+
=
e
e
=
e
2
1
n cos n b e
e n h e H
2 / 1 M
1 n
2 / M j
n j
M
0 n
j
| | ( ) | |
( )/2 1 M 1,2,..., k for
k 2 / 1 M h 2 k b
+ =
+ =
11
Type III FIR Linear-Phase System

M is an even integer

be written as

Where

| | | | M n 0 for n M h n h s s =
( ) | |
| | ( )
(
e =
=
=
e
e
=
e
n sin n c je
e n h e H
2 / M
1 n
2 / M j
n j
M
0 n
j
| | | |
M/2 1,2,..., k for
k 2 / M h 2 k c
=
=
12
Type IV FIR Linear-Phase System

M is an odd integer

be written as

Where

| | | | M n 0 for n M h n h s s =
( ) | |
| |
( )
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
e =
=
+
=
e
e
=
e
2
1
n sin n d je
e n h e H
2 / 1 M
1 n
2 / M j
n j
M
0 n
j
| | ( ) | |
( )/2 1 M 1,2,..., k for
k 2 / 1 M h 2 k d
+ =
+ =
13
Location of Zeros for Symmetric Cases
For type I and II we have

So if z
0
is a zero 1/z
0
is also a zero of the system
If h[n] is real and z
0
is a zero z
0
*
is also a zero
So for real and symmetric h[n] zeros come in sets of four
Special cases where zeros come in pairs
If a zero is on the unit circle reciprocal is equal to conjugate
If a zero is real conjugate is equal to itself
Special cases where a zero come by itself
If z=1 both the reciprocal and conjugate is itself
Particular importance of z=-1

If M is odd implies that

Cannot design high-pass filter with symmetric FIR filter and M odd
| | | | ( ) ( )
1 M z
z H z z H n M h n h

= =
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 H 1 1 H
M
=
( ) 0 1 H =
14
Location of Zeros for Antisymmetric Cases
For type III and IV we have

All properties of symmetric systems holds
Particular importance of both z=+1 and z=-1
If z=1

Independent from M: odd or even
If z=-1

If M+1 is odd implies that

| | | | ( ) ( )
1 M z
z H z z H n M h n h

= =
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 H 1 1 H
1 M
=
+
( ) 0 1 H =
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 H 1 H 1 H = =
15
Typical Zero Locations
16
Relation of FIR Linear Phase to Minimum-Phase
In general a linear-phase FIR system is not minimum-phase
We can always write a linear-phase FIR system as

Where

And M
i
is the number of zeros
H
min
(z) covers all zeros inside the unit circle
H
uc
(z) covers all zeros on the unit circle
H
max
(z) covers all zeros outside the unit circle
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) z H z H z H z H
max uc min
=
( ) ( )
i
M 1
min max
z z H z H

=
17
Example
Problem 5.45

Lecture 14

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Generalized Linear Phase

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