Article III

BILL OF RIGHTS

ART. III BILL OF RIGHTS

may

be defined as a declaration and enumeration of a persons rights and privileges which the Constitution is designed to protect against violations by the government, or by an individual or groups of individuals. it is a charter of liberties for the individual and a limitation upon the power of the State. .

Inherent powers of the State

1. Police Power- It is the inherent power of the state to restrain and regulate the use of liberty and property for the comfort, safety and welfare of society. Police power covers laws on:
a. b. c. d.

Public Health-e.g. laws restricting importation of harmful drugs, maternity leave, restraining mobility of those infected with AIDS, etc. Public Safety-e.g. laws on driving without license, carrying of deadly weapons, etc. Public Welfare-e.g. laws on regulating rent of apartments/houses, price control, etc. Public Morals-e.g. Laws prohibiting gambling, closing movie houses, exhibition of lewd, etc.

2. Power of Eminent Domain- It is the inherent right of the state to expropriate private property for public purpose upon payment of just compensation.

3. Power of Taxation-It refers to the power of the state to impose burdens on persons, properties, services and compensation.

Classes of Rights of Citizens

Natural Rights-these are inherent to a person as creation of God. e.g. Natural Right under Constitution (Life, Liberty, Property) and right to love. B. Constitutional-these are rights which are granted and protected by the constitution. C. Statutory Rights-these refers to rights provided by laws which are granted by the legislature and may be abolished by the same, e.g. Right to maternity leave for employed women, etc.
A.
*The law-making body refers to the LEGISATIVE department or known as the HOUSE OF CONGRESS.

Classification of Constitutional Rights:

Political Rights-those right a citizen exercises to participate in the affairs of the government. e.g. Right to suffrage , right of citizenship, etc. 2. Civil Rights- Those right that a citizen enjoys in pursuance of individual happiness and development. E.g. Right to property, right to abode and travel etc. 3. Social and economic rights- rights intended to ensure the well-being and economic security of the individual. 4. Rights of the accused- intended to protect persons accused of any crime.
1.
*Freedom of speech, of expression or of the press, the right of assembly and petition, and the right to form associations are likewise civil rights. However, they partake of the nature of political rights when they are utilized as a means to participate in the government *Political and civil rights can have meaning only if concrete measures are taken to breathe of life and substance to social and economic rights which include

SECTION 1
No

person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.

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Life is not limited to the literal meaning of life. It includes the right of individual to its body in its completeness, free from dismemberment, and extends to Godgiven faculties which makes life enjoyable. -means not only the right to be alive but also the right to be secure of ones limb or any part of the body from the physical Lecture of Mr. John Mark Paracad Philippine Government and Constitution Social Science harm.

 Liberty

- the right to exist and right to be free from personal restraint or servitude, the right to contract, the right to choose ones employment, the right to labor etc. - it is the right to act freely and in manner one chooses

 Property

- refers to anything that can come under the right of ownership and be subject of contract. - the right that is protected refers not only to the possession or the thing itself, but also the right over the thing.

LIMITATION of NATURAL RIGHTS: Due Process of Law

It is a legal maxims which hears before it condemns and renders judgment only after trial. RIGHT OF NOTICE AND HEARING
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1. Procedural Due Process The manner or procedure which must be followed in the enforcement or application of law. 2. Substantive Due Process This means that the law to be applied is valid, just and not arbitrary.

Two (2) Aspects of Due Proces

Right to EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS

all persons regardless of their circumstances in life, , that is, whether they are rich or poor, educated or illiterate, shall be treated before the law. EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW It means that all persons or things similarly situated should be treated alike both as to rights conferred and responsibilities imposed.

SECTION 2
Rights against unreasonable searches and seizures- this is based on the constitutional guarantee of the duty of the state to provide security to the persons, houses, papers, and effects of its people. An unreasonable search and seizure is one that is conducted illegally or without warrant. Rights against unreasonable arrest

Search Warrant is an order in writing,

issued in the name of the People of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for certain personal property and bring it before the court. Warrant of Arrest is an order in writing, issued in the name of the People of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to arrest a person designated,i.e., to take him into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the commission of of Mr. John Mark Paracad Philippine Government and an Lecture offense. Constitution Social Science

Essential Requisites of a Valid Search Warrant or Warrant of Arrest:

(1) It must be issued upon probable cause. (Probable cause- there are facts and circumstances attending the issuance of warrant sufficient to induce a prudent and cautious judge to relay on them); (2) The probable cause must be determined personally by a judge; (3) Such judge must examine, under oath or affirmation, the complainant and the witness he may produce to determine the existence of probable cause; (3) The warrant must particularly(specific) describe the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized.
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GENERAL WARRANT-a warrant that does not specify the thing to be searched of the person sought to be arrested. -it is a prohibited warrant JOHN/JANE DOE WARRANT -not a general warrant because it has descriptio personae

When search and seizure may be made without warrant:

1. Warrantless search incidental to a lawful arrest 2. Seizure of evidence in plain view. 3. Search of a moving vehicle. 4. Consented warrantless search. 5. Customs search or seizure. 6. Stop and frisk 7. Exigent and emergency circumstances.

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When arrest may be made without warrant:

1. Flagrante Delicto (Caught in the Act); 2. Hot Pursuit Operation; 3. Arrest of Fugitive.

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SECTION 3
Right to privacy of communication and correspondence- The provision covers the guarantee from unnecessary interference on the right of the people to respond and communicate with one another. The constitution provides two instances by which the state may lawfully interfere with this freedom: a) upon lawful order of the court, and b) when public safety or order requires it as provided or defined by law

(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.

Laws protecting PRIVACY

Republic

Act 4200 -ANTI-WIRETAPPING ACT Republic Act 9995 -ANTI-PHOTO AND VIDEO VOYEURISM ACT

SECTION 4

Freedom of expression- it is the act or process of conveying in words (speech) and other medium what one wishes, without prior restraint or censorship by the government.

Rights: a. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 1. Speech 2. Expression 3. Free Press/Press b. Right of Petition-for redress of grievances c. Right of Assembly-must be peaceful

Limitations to Freedom of Expression

i. ii. iii. iv. v. Libel/Slander/or Severe calumny Anything lewd or obscene Seditious messages-anything that provokes
violence or disorder;

Balancing Interest Rule Clear and Present Danger Rule

Libel - untruthful information/character assassination in written, and using print or broadcast media. Slander - spoken untruthful information/ character assassination Balancing Interest Rule-weighing of rights, one that has greater importance to public interest must prevail Clear and Present Danger if the uttered threat seems serious (i.e. the intent appears to be serious), immediate, grave and realistic.
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SECTION 5
Freedom of religion-the right of religious worship means that every person is free to choose the kind of relationship he wants with god and to worship him in a manner he likes and according to his conscience. The freedom prohibits its regulation by the State No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

RIGHTS:
1. NON-ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGION -non advancement of a religion, non favoring of religion against other religions 2. FREE-EXERCISE of RELIGION A. Freedom of conscience and freedom to adhere to such religious organization or form of worship as the individual may choose cannot be restricted by law. (FREEDOM TO BELIEVE) B. It safeguards the free exercise of the chosen form of religion. (FREEDOM TO ACT)
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Prohibition of Religious Test

-No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.
e.g Religion is not a requirement to be employed in the government
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SECTION 6
Liberty of abode and travel - This means that every person has a right to established his home in any place. He is also free to change his abode or transfer it from one place to another. It includes the right to travel freely in the Philippines and outside therefore to any foreign country, subject to the following conditions: (a) upon lawful order of the court; and (b) in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health as provided by law.
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SECTION 7
9.

Right to information - every Filipino has the right to gather or obtain information from official records, documents, and papers relating to official acts, transactions, or decisions of the government. Records concerning and affecting the security of the State and other documents which by their nature are confidential may not be disclosed to the public
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Limitations on the right

1. National security matters. 2. Trade secrets and banking transactions. 3. Criminal matters. 4. Other confidential matters.

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SECTION 8 The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
Right to form associations is the freedom to organize
or to be a member of any group or association, union, or society, and to adopt the rules which the members judge most appropriate to achieve their purpose.

Limitation on the right The right to form associations or societies may be abridged or interfered with by the State in the exercise of its Police Power. This is the meaning of the phrase for purpose not contrary to law.

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SECTION 9
Private

property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. LIMITATIONS: -when the elements of eminent domain are not complied with AND when there in NO DUE PROCESS OF LAW

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SECTION 10
Right against non-impairment of obligations of contracts -a contract obliges both parties to perform their agreement according to its terms and conditions. The constitution prohibits the enactment or passage of a law that alters or changes the conditions of contracts without the consent of the parties thereto
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LIMITATION: The freedom of contract is necessarily limited by the exercise of the police power of the State in the interest of general welfare and especially in view of the explicit provisions in the Constitution with reference to the promotion of social justice(e.g. VOID CONTRACT)

SECTION 11
Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. (a) Right of free access to courts all citizens, rich or poor, are guaranteed for the enforcement of their rights and the protection of their properties from unlawful encroachments by the State and other persons; (b)Rights to adequate legal assistance the State provides free legal assistance to citizens who are unable to hire a lawyer by reason of their being poor; Lecture of Mr. John Mark Paracad Philippine Government and

Constitution Social Science

SECTION 12
RIGHTS OF A PERSON UNDER CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION
Miranda Rights - provides that before a person under a custodial investigation is questioned, he must be informed of the following: a) Right to be informed of his right to remain silent; b) Right to have independent and competent counsel; c) Right against torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will; d) Right against being held in secret, incommunicado, or solitary forms of solitary confinement; and e) The right to be informed of these rights.
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Waiver of rights to remain silence and counsel 1. In writing; and 2. In the presence of counsel.

SECTION 13-RIGHT TO BAIL

Bail - is the security required by a court and given for the provisional or temporary release of a person who is in the custody of the law conditioned upon his appearance before any court as required under the conditions specified. The purpose of requiring bail is to relieve an accused from imprisonment until his conviction and yet secure his appearance at the trial. The right to bail is granted because in all criminal prosecutions, the accused is presumed innocent. Excessive Bail is prohibited because that is Lecture of Mr. John Mark Paracad Philippine Government and
Constitution Social Science

Forms of Bail:
Cash Bond-Cash deposit Property Bond Surety Bond
*ON RECOGNIZANCE-custody person of a prominent

Who may not invoke the right to bail(LIMITATION)

1. 2. 3.

One who is not yet in the custody of the law One charge with capital offense or an offense punishable by reclusion perpetua Under the Rules of Court, no bail shall be allowed after the judgment has become final, or after the accused has commenced to serve sentence.

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Non-Bailable Crimes Kidnapping; Murder; Rape; Drug-Pushing; Carnapping; Or Crimes Under the Heinous Crime Law, Plunder Law and Dangerous Drugs Law.
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Writ of Habeas Corpus is an order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction, directed to the person detaining another, commanding him to produce the body of the prisoner at a designated time and place and to show sufficient cause for holding in custody the individual so detained.

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SECTION 14 RIGHTS OF ACCUSED DURING TRIAL

a. Right to due process of law - simply stated, due process of law means fair trial, that is, a person court changed with a criminal offense before a court is given the opportunity to defend himself in court and that before a judgment is issued or rendered, there is trial; b. Right to presumption of innocence in all criminal prosecutions, the accused is always presumed innocent;

c. Right to be informed of the nature cause of accusation against him every person accused of an offense has the right to know the nature and the cause accusation against him and why the crime is imputed to him; d. Right to have a: Speedy trialmeans one could be done immediately without capricious delays and according to established rules and procedures; Impartial trial-it is conducted by the court without bias for or against the litigants and that the case is decided solely on its merits; and Public trial-meaning, it is open to the public; EXCEPT: cases offensive to public morals or decency
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e. Right to meet the witnesses face-to-face the accused has the right to confront or meet the witnesses face to face to (1) allow the accused to cross-examine, through his counsel, the witnesses against him or in order to test and probe into the veracity or truth of their testimonies, affidavits and evidence; and (2) to afford the judge the opportunity to see for himself how the witnesses behave while testifying and being cross-examined; f. Right to compulsory process every person with a crime has a right to have compulsory process to secure the appearance or attendance of witnesses and the production of his evidence;

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GENERAL RULE: Accused has the right to be present always during trial EXCEPT: Trial in absence of the accused- TRIAL IN ABSENTIA Conditions
a) He has been arraigned; b) He has been duly notified of the trial c) His failure to appear is unjustifiable

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SECTION 15

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it.
Writ of Habeas Corpus is an order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction, directed to the person detaining another, commanding him to produce the body of the prisoner at a designated time and place and to show sufficient cause for holding in custody the individual so detained.
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SECTION 16
All

persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasijudicial, or administrative bodies. -This speaks of SPEEDY DISPOSITION (right to have ones case be resolved as fast as possible)
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SECTION 17
No

person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Right against self-incrimination the accused cannot be compelled to testify against himself;
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SECTION 18
a. Right against detention for political beliefs the constitution abhors the detention of any person by reason of his political beliefs or aspirations; b. Right against involuntary servitude in person can be forced to render compulsory service to another; (e.g prohibition on slavery)
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SECTION 19
a. Right to excessive fines the constitutional guarantee against excessive fines ordains that the fine imposed on convict must be the one provided in the law; b. Right against cruel, degrading/inhuman punishment cruel punishment-this means that torture, mutilation or severance or cutting off of body parts, etc. or severe pain punishment degrading punishment-it demeans the person of the convict/ putting one to public humiliation;

SECTION 20
No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax. RIGHT AGAINST IMPRISONMENT FOR NON-PAYMENT OF POLL TAX and DEBT a. POLL TAX-cedula/community tax certificate-for residence tax b. DEBT: -simple -fraudulent(punishable)-limitation to the right

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SECTION 21 Right against double jeopardy putting a person twice in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense constitutes double jeopardy. The guarantee provides protection to a person against the chance of being punished or tried twice for one and the same offense.
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SECTION 22
No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. a. EX-POST FACTO LAW -law that punishes an act during the time of which it was committed was not yet a crime;it is prohibited EXCEPT: if favorable to the accused b. BILL OF ATTAINDER -convicting an accused without the benefit of trial

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