THE DERIVATIVE

By ALFIA MAGFIRONA

CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA UNIVERSITY 2010

LIST OF SLIDE

A. DEFINITION
B. THE DERIVATIVE FUNCTIONS

C. PARAMETRIC FUNCTION
D. IMPLICIT FUNCTION

E. APLICATION OF DERVATIVE
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A. DEFINITION

What is the derivative ?

A. DEFINITION In calculus (a branch of mathematics) the derivative is a measure of how a function changes as its input changes. Loosely speaking, a derivative can be thought of as how much one quantity is changing in response to changes in some other quantity; for example, the derivative of the position of a moving object with respect to time is the object's instantaneous velocity.
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A. DEFINITION
The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the best linear approximation of the function near that input value. For a real-valued function of a single real variable, the derivative at a point equals the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. In higher dimensions, the derivative of a function at a point is a linear transformation called the linearization.[1] A closely related notion is the differential of a function. The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. .
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A. DEFINITION
It can be shown by the graphic bellow :

The graph of a function, drawn in black, and a tangent line to that function, drawn in red. The slope of the tangent line is equal to the derivative of the function at the marked point. 6

A. DEFINITION
Various Symbols for the Derivative

dy dx

or

f '( x) or

df ( x) dx

Definition:
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dy y lim x 0 x dx

A. DEFINITION
Higher Order Derivatives

Let y = f(x). We have:

A. DEFINITION

Some Basic Derivatives

A. DEFINITION

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A. DEFINITION
Chain Rule The last formula is known as the Chain Rule formula. It may be rewritten as Another similar formula is given by

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B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTIONS

Derivative of Trigonometry

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B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTIONS

1. = 4 + 2 , = 44 22 2. = 2 3 + 4 , = 2 2 3 + 4 . 3 2 = 6 2 . 2 3 + 4

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B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTIONS Derivative of the Hyperbolic functions and their Inverses

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B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTIONS

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B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTIONS

Recall the definitions of the trigonometric functions

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B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTIONS

Derivative of the Exponential and Logarithmic functions

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B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE
= 2 4 + 3 ,

Solution : 1) Remember the Formula :

( )

(2 4 + 3 ) ( 4 + 3 = 2. ln 4 + 3 . 2) After that, differentiate (ln ) 1 =

( 4+3

, by using the formula :

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B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTIONS

(ln (4+3 ))

= (4+3 ) . 3 =

3 (4+3 )

Finally, from the explanation above we can solve the ques tion by :
2 4+3 ( 4+3

= 2. ln 4 + 3 .

1 4 + 3 = 2. ln 4 + 3 . (4 + 3) = 2. ln 4 + 3 . (4+3 ) =
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6 ln (4+3 ) (4+3 ) 3

B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTIONS

Derivative of Cyclometry
In mathematics, the inverse trigonometric functions or cyclometric functions are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions.

The principal inverses are listed in the following table.

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B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTION

Name Usual notation y = arcsin x y = arccos x y = arctan x Definition Range of usual Domain of x principal for real result value (radians) 1 x 1 1 x 1 all real numbers all real numbers x 1 or 1 x x 1 or 1 x 0y Range of usual principal value (degrees) 0 y 180

arcsine arccosine arctangent

x = sin y x = cos y x = tan y x = cot y x = sec y x = csc y

/2 y /2 90 y 90

/2 < y < /2 90 < y < 90 0<y< 0 < y < 180

arccotangent y = arccot x arcsecant arccosecant y = arcsec x y = arccsc x

0 y < /2 or 0 y < 90 or /2 < y 90 < y 180 /2 y < 0 -90 y < 0 or 0 < y /2 or 0 < y 90

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B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTIONS

Formula of the inverse trigonometric functions or cyclometric function

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B. THE DERIVATVE FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE
= ( 2 5), Answer : 1 ( 2 5) = . 1 ( 2 5)2

1 1( 2 10+25)

. 2

=
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2 2 +10 24

C. PARAMETRIC DERIVATIVE
The common form of parametric function : x = f(t) y = g(t) (t as a parameter)

To differentiate the function in the form of parametric, take : x = f(t), so y = g(t), so

= ( ) = ()
( ) ( )

It can be exlplained :

FORMULA x = f(t) y = g(t)

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C. PARAMETRIC DERIVATIVE
EXAMPLE x = 2t2 + t if : y = t5 + 1

find : a).

b).

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C. PARAMETRIC DERIVATIVE

Solution :
). = 2 2 + , = 5 + 1,

= 4 + 1

= 5 4

5 4 = = 4 + 1 2 4 ) . = 5 , = 20 3 2 2 = 4 + 1, = 4 2
2 2

2 2 2 2 3

4+1 203 .54 .4

4 +1 3

20 3 (3 +1) 4 +1 3

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D. IMPLICIT DERIVATIVE

Implicit Derivative
In many examples, especially the ones derived from differential equations, the variables involved are not linked to each other in an explicit way. Most of the time, they are linked through an implicit formula, like F(x,y) =0. Once x is fixed, we may find y through numerical computations. (By some fancy theorems, we may formally show that y may indeed be seen as a function of x over a certain interval). The question becomes what is the derivative , at least at a certain a point? The method of implicit differentiation answers this concern. Let us illustrate this through the following example.

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D. IMPLICIT DERIVATIVE
If there is implicit function : + + = 0, Solution : 3 + + 3 = 0 2 3 + + ( . + 3 . ) = 0
2 3 3

+ 3

. = (3 2 + )

3 2 + = + 3 2
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E. APLICATION DERIVATIVE
A patient is being fed inntravenously from a conical-shaped bottle of maximum radius 4 inchies and 10 inchies. If the rate of flow is 28 cubic inchies per hour, find the rate at which the fluid level is dropping in the bottle when the level is at 8 inchies; when the level is at 2 inchies. Solution We again follow the procedure outline in Remark 2. 1. The units indicated in the problem are inchies and hours. From the sketch in Fig. 1 and the cross section in Fig 2, we choose the variables r=radius of fluid in cone and h= height of fluid in cone.
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E. APLICATION DERIVATIVE
4
4

10

10 h

Fig. 1
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Fig 2

E. APLICATION DERIVATIVE
2. In term of these variables, we need to find

the

rate at which the height of the fluid is changing. The rate of flow is given to be : = 28 Where V=volume of fluid in the cone. 3. The volume of fluid is given by the formula for the volume of a cone. 2 = 3 One of the variables can be eliminated by the relationship between corresponding parts of similar triangle in Fig.2 31

E. APLICATION DERIVATIVE
That is, = 4 10 Substituting = 0,4, we have (0,4)2 0,16 3 = = 3 3 So that 0,16(3 2 ) = = 0,16 2 3 4. From the chain rule : =

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E. APLICATION DERIVATIVE
And so, 28 = = 0.162 In particular, when = 8,
=8

28 = = 0,87( ) 2 0,16 (8)

When h = 2
=2

28 0,16 (2)2

= 13,93( )

Notice that the fluid level is dropping much more rapidly as the cone empties even though the flow rate is a constant 28 cubic inchies per hour. You can observe this phenomenon by watching as it empties.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative http://www.sosmath.com/.../derivative.html http://www.sosmath.com/.../der05.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric L. Mett, Corren & C. Smith, James. 1991. Calculus With Aplication . York Graphich Services, Inc. USA.

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