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Electrical power, in our homes and in industry, is really the life blood of our existence Used for heating, cooling, cooking, refrigeration, light, sound, computation, entertainment How is it provided to us? Why do we have outages? How secure is it? How fragile is the system?
Power Plants
Electrical power starts at the power plant No matter what you use as fuel, the heart of the power plant is the In most cases, the spinning generator is a The most common turbine is a STEAM TURBINE, such as are used in coal-fired generators
AC power
The power that modern power plants produce is called three phase AC
power.
In order to understand this, we need first to understand regular single phase AC power this is actually what it in our homes!
AC power
If we were to look at the VOLTAGE in a typical home wall outlet, we would find that it is NOT a constant, like you get from a battery. The voltage oscillates between +170 Volts and 170 Volts. The frequency of oscillation is 60Hz, or 60 times per second. Electrons, therefore, actually flow back and forth in both directions through devices that are connected to this voltage source. Light bulbs actually flash on and off 60 times every second. Our eyes are not sensitive to flashes that are this fast
Mathematics of AC Power
The voltage oscillates between +170V and -170V, 60 times each second The average voltage, Vrms=120V
In THREE PHASE AC power, there are THREE WIRES, plus the ground wire. Each of the three live wires are offset in time from one another. We say that they have different phases. Notice that at any given time, there is always one of the wires that has a LARGE POSITIVE voltage advantages for large electrical motors, welding machines, etc.
Transmission Substation
The generator of the power plant produces large amount of electrical current, at a voltage of about a few thousand volts. This may seem high, but in fact it is way too low to minimize transmission losses At the transmission substation, transformers convert the power produced by the plant to a much higher voltage as high as 750,000 Volts!!! Power can then be transferred via three phase power lines over distances of many hundreds of miles
This switch is normally closed, and allows current to flow. But, if the current gets too high, the switch will HEAT UP. At a certain temperature, the switch will open, and stop current from flowing. Because it is heat sensitive, no damage occurs (like in a fuse), and you can reset the breaker switch if it opens.
GFCI Outlets
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter Normally, the current flowing on the live wire and the ground wire in a circuit are EXACTLY the same But, if something bad happens, there will be a current surge on the live wire GFCI outlets sense the DIFFERENCE in current between the live and ground wire Therefore, it can react MUCH faster than a breaker switch, which requires the total current to become very large before it trips. Sensitive to current differences of 4-5 milliamps, and will react in 1/30th of a second!!!
Advantages Much cleaner than coal, U.S. has lots, and its spread around over a larger region of the country. Disadvantages non-renewable resource, greenhouse gas emitter
Hydroelectric Power (7%) -> build a dam, water flows from a large height to power turbine
Advantages RENEWABLE resource!!! At first glance, seems like a non-polluter Disadvantages dams have a very finite lifetime, major wildlife impact upstream, and now, studies indicate that decay of vegetation in the flood plain upstream of the dam may produce even MORE greenhouse gases than coal-fired generators!!!
Nuclear Power (20%) -> Use the energy released in the nuclear fission process to heat water, produce steam, run turbine
Advantages Major amount of energy for a small amount of ore, non-polluter!!!! Disadvantages Have to deal with nuclear waste, public fear, possible nuclear accidents
www.nuclearfaq.ca
Capital costs of nuclear power are high, but you recover this if you USE it for everything !!!!