ECEN3513 Signal Analysis

Reading: Section 1.1

Instructor: Dr. Guoliang Fan
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Oklahoma State University
Lecture #3
Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 2
Wisdom for the day
A good start is half-way to success.
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 3
Goals
To introduce the mathematical representations of both
continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT) signals.

To compute the energy and power of a given signal,
and to classify signals into three basic classes
according to their energy and power.

ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 4
Definitions
Continuous-time (CT) signals:
defined at every instant of time
over a continuous domain, such
as an interval; or a union of
intervals.
Discrete-time (DT) signals:
taking values only at a
countable or finite set of
points on the real line, and
these time instants are
equally-spaced.
) (t x
] [n x
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 5
CT Signal Examples
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 6
DT Signal Examples
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 7
Signal Energy and Power
In general, we can define the total energy for any
continuous-time or discrete-time signal as:



The time average power is defined as follows



Note: The terms of power and energy are used here
independently of whether the signal quantities are
related to physical energy. It is for convenience.
(CT) ) (
2
1
2
}

t
t
dt t x E
(CT) ) (
1 2
1
2
1 2
}

t
t
dt t x
t t
P
(DT) ] [
2
1
2

n
n n
n x E
(DT) ] [
1
1
2
1
2
1 2

=
+

n
n n
n x
n n
P
Absolute value (real numbers) or Modulus (complex numbers)
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 8
Signal Energy and Power (Contd)
Sometimes, it may be interesting in examining energy
in signals over an infinite time interval as:




Similarly, we can define the time-averaged power over
an infinite time interval as
) ( lim
2
}

T
T T
dt t x E
(CT) ) (
2
1
lim
2
}

T
T T
dt t x
T
P

N
N n
N
n x E
2
] [ lim
(DT) ] [
1 2
1
lim
2

N
N n
N
n x
N
P
(CT) ) (
2
}

= dt t x
(DT) ] [
2

=
=
n
n x
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 9
Three Classes of Signals
Class I:
The class of signals with finite total energy.
The average power will be

Case II:
The class of signals with finite average power.
The total energy

Case III: Otherwise
The average power is not finite.
The total energy is not finite.

<

E
. 0

P
<

P
. =

E
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 10
Example (1)
Given signal
( ) t t x sin ) ( =
dt t x E
}

=
2
) (
dt t
T
dt t x
T
P
T
T T
T
T T
} }

= = ) ( sin
2
1
lim ) (
2
1
lim
2
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
} }

T
T
T
T T
dt
t
T
dt
T 2
) 2 cos(
2
1
2
1
2
1
lim
dt t
}

= ) ( sin
2
=
dt
t
T
T
T T
}

=
2
) 2 cos( 1
2
1
lim
2
) 2 cos( 1
) ( sin
2
x
x

=
2
1
= dt
T
T
T T
}

=
2
1
2
1
lim
T
T
t
T

) 2 sin(
8
1
)) 2 sin( ) 2 (sin(
8
1
T T
T
=
0
T
T
T
4
) 2 sin(
=
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 11
Example (2)
) 3 (
) (
t +
=
t j
e t x
dt t x E
}

=
2
) ( dt e
t j
}

+
=
2
) 3 ( t
}

= dt
=
}

=
T
T T
dt t x
T
P
2
) (
2
1
lim
1 =
norm) unit (the
1
) (
=
+b at j
e
) sin( ) cos( : equation Eular t j t e
jt
+ =
) ( sin ) ( cos
2 2
t t e
jt
+ = 1 =
}

=
T
T T
dt
T
1
2
1
lim
T
T
T
2
2
lim

=
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 12
Example (3)
t t x = ) (
dt t x E
}

=
2
) ( dt t
}

=
2


=
3
3
t
=
dt t x
T
P
T
T T
}

=
2
) (
2
1
lim
T
T
T
t
T


=
3
3
1
2
1
lim
3
2
2
1
lim
3
T
T
T
=
3
lim
2
T
T
=
=
Or by inspection?
dt t
T
T
T T
}

=
2
2
1
lim
dt t x
}

= ) (
2
|
.
|

\
|
=

3 3
) (
3
1
3
1
2
1
lim T T
T
T
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 13
Example (4)
) 0 , 1 ] [ ( ] [
3
1
] [ > =
|
.
|

\
|
= n n u n u n x
n

N
N n
N
n x E
2
] [ lim

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
2
3
1
n
n

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
9
1
n
n
8
9
9
1
1
1
=
|
.
|

\
|

N
N n
N
n x
N
P
2
] [
1 2
1
lim
0 =
series) (geometric
) 1 (
1
0
0
<

=
a
a
a
a
n
n n
n
Example (5)
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 14
) 1 (
1
] [ > = n
n
n x

N
N n
N
n x E
2
] [ lim

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
1
n
n
condition) e convergenc series - (
) 1 (
1
1
p
p
n
n
p
> <

=
<

N
N n
N
n x
N
P
2
] [
1 2
1
lim
0 =
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 15
Four Sufficient Conditions
A finite signal of finite length

Case I

A periodic & finite signal

A constant signal

A signal of infinite length
that goes to infinity

) (t f t
Case II

Case III

<

E
<

P
C t f = ) (
) ( ) ( , ) ( t f T t f C t f = + <
C t f T t t f < > = ) ( and , 0 ) (
OTW
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 16
More Examples
To decide the class of signals given below.


t t x 4 ) (
1
=
4 ) (
2
= t x
|
.
|

\
|
= t t x
3
cos ) (
3
t
n n x = ] [
1

=
odd. is 1
even; is 1
] [
2
n
n
n x
t j
e t x
3
4
) ( =
n j
e n x
t 3
3
] [ =
0 ,
1
] [
4
> = n
n
n x
ECEN 3513 Signal Analysis 17
Homework #1
Hwk#1.a 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 (CT and DT Signals)