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What is Development? What is the difference between economic growth and development? What does it mean for a country to be developing? What factors (economic, political, cultural, social) are necessary for development to occur? Is promoting the growth and development of LDCs in the best interest of more developed countries?
The 80/20 rule does apply The richest 20% of the worlds population receives more than 80% of the worlds income At the other end of the spectrum The poorest 60% receives less than 6% of the worlds income
The GDP of the U.S. is about 70% greater than the combined GDPs of all the developing countries in the world. The U.S.(with only 5% of the worlds population) accounts for more than 30% of the worlds output.
So, just how big is the global development challenge? Lets take a look
Natural resources Human resources Capital formation Technology Sociocultural and institutional factors
Natural Resources
Availability of natural resources varies widely among LDCs If available, LDC natural resources are sometimes owned or controlled by foreign MNCs. Commodity prices subject to price volatility Without a strong resource base a tougher road to development
Human Resources
Overpopulation
Extremely low per capita income Relatively high population growth rates Any increase in income tends to increase population growth rates
Capital Formation
Capital investment drives increases in labor productivity and per capita output. If output rises faster than population growth, savings may enable additional capital formation. But, generating savings is extremely difficult when income levels are so low.
Capital Formation
Relatively high level of investment risk in LDCs acts as a disincentive for investment
Political risk Currency devaluation
Technology
Linked to capital investment Helps drive increases in productivity Ability to borrow technology from more advanced countries Lack of skilled labor and existing capital base can limit application of new technology
Sociocultural Obstacles
Culture, tradition and custom Tribal allegiances and animosity Views regarding work and individual achievement
Institutional Obstacles
Corruption and bribery Education systems Land ownership (too concentrated or too fractured)
Low per capita income Creates a low level of demand and low (or negative) savings rate Which limits new investment Which maintains low productivity And perpetuates low income, which is further reduced by population growth And the cycle begins again
Expanding trade Foreign aid (worth a separate discussion) Flows of private capital
Direct foreign investment Technology often moves with capital Selective regional focus