Section 9-3

NWRC BIO 30
Cell Cycle Regulation
 The average cell in your body has a
cell cycle of about 20hours however
not all cells in the body reproduce at
the same rates. Hair skin and nails
for example have a shorter cycle than
does bone tissue or nerve cells. The
timing really does depend on the type
of cell.
Cell Cycle Regulation
 Cyclins (protiens)
bind to Cyclin
dependant Kinases
(enzymes) during
interphase and
mitosis to control
the rate of the cell
cycle.
Cell Cycle Regulation
Cyclins are so named because their
concentration varies in a cyclical
fashion during the cell cycle; they are
produced or degraded as needed in
order to drive the cell through the
different stages of the cell cycle.
Checkpoints
 To minimize the
occurrence of mistakes in
cellcycle events, a cell's
progress through the
cycle is monitored at four
key checkpoints Control
mechanisms that operate
at these checkpoints
ensure that
chromosomes are intact
and that each stage of
the cell cycle is
completed before the
following stage is
initiated.
Checkpoints
Checkpoints
 There is also a
checkpoint in the S
(synthesis) phase
to check against
DNA damage
Cell Cycle Regulation
 Cancers occurs
when these
checkpoint
processes fail and
cells go through
abnormal
uncontrolled
growth and cell
division.
 This is lung cancer
Cancer – self study website
Cancer
 The uncontrolled growth of
cells forms a lump called a
tumour. Cell division is
essential for growth, repair
and reproduction. It is tightly
controlled by genes inside the
cell. Special genes,, stimulate
the production of growth-
stimulating chemicals that
trigger cell division.
Cancer
 Tumour in pancreas
 Tumour in brain
Cancer
 Tumour in pancreas
 Tumour in brain
Cancer
 There are many different
types of cancer and there can
be a number of different
causes for each one.
However, researchers think
that cancers happen when the
normal control of cell division
goes wrong.
 A mutation is simply a
change in the structure of the
cell's DNA. Everybody has
DNA that contains mutations
and these mostly do not
cause any problems -
Cancer
 This demo shows you
how cancer cells multiply
and spread into the
bloodstream.
Causes of Cancer
 Substances which interfere with
normal cell division are called
carcinogens (link to list of
known/suspected carcinogens)
  Is a process of
planned orderly
Apoptosis death by a cell in a
multicellular
organism. It
involves an orderly
series of
biochemical events
leading to a cell
death. The
apoptotic process
is executed in such
a way as to safely
dispose of cellular
debris.
Stem Cellls
 Stem cells have the remarkable potential
to develop into many different cell types in
the body. Serving as a sort of repair
system for the body, they can theoretically
divide without limit to replenish other cells
as long as the person or animal is still alive.
When a stem cell divides, each new cell has
the potential to either remain a stem cell or
become another type of cell with a more
specialized function, such as a muscle cell,
a red blood cell, or a brain cell.
Embryonic Stem Cells
Adult Stem Cells
 The major function of adult stem cells is to
maintain homeostasis in the body in terms
of replacing dead or injured cells with new
ones that function correctly.
 Scientists have found that certain bone
marrow cells behave very like embryonic
cells and can be transformed into different
types of cell.
Adult
Stem
Cells
Assessment
 1. Certain cyclins and cyclin
dependant enzymes control the cell
cycle
 2. The cycle is shorter and it divides
in an unrestrained way
Assessment
 3. cigarette smoke, ultraviolet
radiation, asbestos (there are many
others)
 4. apoptosis is programmed cell
death – cancers will grow and divide
as long as they are supplied with
essential nutrients