Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Regional Workshop on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Indicators for Gulf countries Doha, Qatar 15 to 17 October 2012
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Measuring Innovation
Oslo Manual: Guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation data
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What is innovation?
Innovation is the implementation of:
New or significantly improved product or process;
New marketing or organisational method.
Implementation:
A new or improved product is implemented when it is introduced on the market; New processes, marketing methods or organisational methods are implemented when they are brought into actual use in the firms operations.
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significantly improved with characteristics or intended uses; uses from previous products;
Significantly
respect
to
its
improvements: changes in materials, components, and other characteristics that enhance performance.
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Significantly improvements:
Introduction of ABS braking, GPS navigational systems, or
other subsystem improvements in cars; The use of breathable fabrics in clothing; Improvements in internet banking services, such as greatly improved speed and ease of use.
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development;
Implementation of a new reservation system in a travel
agency.
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significant changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing;
Better addressing customer needs, opening up new
markets, or newly positioning a firms product on the market increasing firms sales;
Marketing method NOT previously used - part of a
appearance that do not alter products functional or user characteristics + changes in the packaging;
Product placement: new sales channels; Product promotion: new concepts for promoting a
goods or services.
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symbol;
First use of a significantly different media - product placement
in a television programme;
Introduction for the first time of a franchising system.
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Implementation of a new organisational method in the firms business practices, workplace organisation or external relations;
Increase
firms performance by reducing administrative/transaction costs, improving workplace satisfaction, accessing non-tradable assets, or reducing costs of supplies;
strategic decisions taken by management.
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Business practices: implementation of new methods for organising routines and procedures for the conduct of work;
Workplace organisation: new methods for distributing
responsibilities and decision making among employees for the division of work within and between firm activities + new concepts for the structuring of activities;
External relations: new ways of organising relations
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Market;
World;
Radical innovations:
Significant impact on a market; Impact of innovations (as opposed to their novelty); May become apparent only long after introduction.
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organisational unit/model);
Marketing
Note. Source: Adapted from Heinlo, A. (2011). Measuring R&D&I in Estonia. Almaty, Kazakhstan S&T Indicators Workshop. (PowerPoint Presentation)
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innovation activities are themselves innovative, others are not novel but necessary; specific innovation.
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goods;
Other preparations for product and process innovations; Market preparations for product innovations;
Training.
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and
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and
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innovation.
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Innovation-active firm:
Had innovation activities - ongoing and/or abandoned; Regardless of implementation;
Hampering factors:
Reasons for not starting innovation activities at all; Factors that slow innovation activity or have a negative effect on expected results (Table 10).
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Linkages
Linkages: connections with other agents; Source, cost, level of interaction; Types of external linkages:
Open information sources; Acquisition of knowledge and technology; Innovation co-operation.
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Cooperation partners
* * * * * * * * * * *
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Appropriability
Ability of enterprises to appropriate gains from
innovation activities:
Formal
methods: patents, registration of design, trademarks, copyrights, confidentiality agreements, trade secrecy;
agreements, complexity of product design, lead time advantage over competitors.
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Developing countries
Developing countries 3rd ed. OM standards,
adaptations;
LA: the Bogota Manual (RICYT, 2001); UIS: Annex (A) to 3rd ed. OM;
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Adaptations
ICTs in innovation surveys;
Linkages:
Agents + Types + Location;
Innovation Activities:
Hardware purchase and Software purchase (split);
Industrial design and Engineering activities (split); Lease or rental of machinery, equipment and other capital goods; In-house software system development;
Reverse engineering;
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Publication;
Difficulties Lack of appreciation of the importance of innovation; Managers are secretive about finance; Lack of adequate legislative base.
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blocks
from
which
understand where we are, where we are going and how far we are from a specific goal. Therefore it can be a sign, a number, a graphic;
An indicator quantifies and simplifies phenomena and
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questions in order to examine a number of policyrelevant factors and better capture the diversity of innovative firms.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
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(N) =
*100
(D) = Total number of firms (in each economic activity)
(N) =
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75
60
45
30
15
Brazil
China
Colombia
Egypt
Israel
Malaysia Philippines
Russian Federation
South Africa
Uruguay
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2.
3.
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(N) =
*100
(D) = Total number of firms (in each economic activity)
(N) =
Number of firms in the Electrical machinery industry that implemented marketing or organisational innovation *100
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2.
3.
4.
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(N) = (D) =
*100
Total number of product or process innovation-active firms (in each economic activity) Number of Services product or process innovation-active firms that performed R&D *100 (D) = Total number of Services product or process innovationactive firms
(N) =
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2.
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*100
(D) = Total turnover
(N) = Turnover of Small firms from product innovations *100 (D) = Total turnover of Small firms
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2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
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(N) =
*100
(D) = Total number of product or process innovation-active firms
Number of product or process innovation-active firms that (N) = co-operated with universities or other higher education institutions (D) = Total number of product or process innovation-active firms
*100
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Clients or customers
3.5 n.a. 24.9 n.a. 31.6 n.a. 21.3 56.1 94.1 10.9 31.7 n.a. n.a. 4.2 36.0
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(N) =
*100
(D) = Total number of R&D-performing firms
(N) =
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Final remarks
Data collected with innovation surveys are a
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Thank you!
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m.schaaper@unesco.org
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