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PRESENTED BY LOKENDRA SINGH 2013MT0344 M.TECH(DESIGN ENGG.)

DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

CONTENTS
iIntroduction

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to pressure vessels Requirements in vessel design Designing of pressure vessels Thin cylinder &Thick cylinder Burst pressure of mild steel pressure vessels Conclusion References

DEFINITIONThese are closed structures containing liquids or gases under pressure. e.g. hydraulic cylinders, gun barrels, pipes, boilers and tanks Types of pressure vessels According to the dimensions Thick cylinder Thin cylinder According to the end construction open end closed end

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BASIC REQUIREMENTS IN VESSEL DESIGN

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Requirements:
i. Enough strength no breakage ii. Enough rigidity limit deformation iii. Enough stability no failure iv. Durability assuring certain usage life v. Tightness no leakage vi. Saving materials and easy to manufacture vii. Convenient to be installation and transportation

DESIGNING OF PRESSURE VESSELS

STRESSES IN A THIN CYLINDRICAL SHELL DUE TO AN INTERNAL PRESSURE
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The analysis of stresses induced in a thin cylindrical shell are made on the following assumptions: 1. The effect of curvature of the cylinder wall is neglected. 2. The tensile stresses are uniformly distributed over the section of the walls .

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From the equation of force equilibrium, circumferential stress

In the design of engine cylinders, a value of 6 mm to 12 mm is added in above formula to permit reboring after wear has taken place. Therefore

In constructing large pressure vessels like steam boilers, riveted joints or welded joints are used in joining together the ends of steel plates. In case of riveted joints, the wall thickness of the cylinder,

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where l = Efficiency of the longitudinal riveted joint. In designing steam boilers, the wall thickness calculated by the above equation may be compared with the minimum plate thickness as provided in boiler code as given in the following table.

Minimum plate thickness for steam boilers

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LONGITUDNAL STRESS

CHANGE IN DIMENSIONS OF A THIN CYLINDRICAL SHELL DUE TO AN INTERNAL PRESSURE

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The increase in diameter of the shell due to an internal pressure is given by,

The increase in length of the shell due to an internal pressure is given by,

The increase in volume of the shell due to an internal pressure is given by V = Final volume Original volume

THICK CYLINDRICAL SHELLS SUBJECTED TO AN INTERNAL PRESSURE

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The stress over the section of the walls cannot be assumed to be uniformly distributed. They develop both tangential and radial stresses with values which are dependent upon the radius of the element under consideration.

Lames equation. Lame has shown that the tangential stress at any radius x is,

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Birnies equation

Barlows equation According to this equation, the thickness of a cylinder,

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Clarion's equation This equation is generally used for high pressure oil and gas pipes. According to this equation, the thickness of a cylinder,

CYLINDER HEADS AND COVER PLATES

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The heads of cylindrical pressure vessels and the sides of rectangular or square tanks may have flat plates or slightly dished plates. The plates may either be cast integrally with the cylinder walls or fixed by means of bolts, rivets or welds. The design of flat plates forming the heads depend upon the following two factors: (a) Type of connection between the head and the cylindrical wall, (i.e. freely supported or rigidly fixed);and (b) Nature of loading (i.e. uniformly distributed or concentrated).

Circular flat plate with uniformly distributed load The thickness ( t )of a plate with a diameter (d ) supported at the circumference and subjected to a pressure ( p) uniformly distributed over the area is given by

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where t = Allowable design stress. Circular flat plate loaded centrally. The thickness (t ) of a flat cast iron plate supported freely at the circumference with a diameter (d) and subjected to a load (F) distributed uniformly over an area is given by
1

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BURSTING PRESSURE OF MILD STEEL

CYLINDRICAL VESSELS
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An accurate prediction of the burst pressure of cylindrical vessels is very important in the engineering design for the oil and gas industry. Faupels bursting pressure formula is found to be simple and reliable in predicting the burst strength of thick and thin-walled steel cylindrical vessels. Being inexpensive and possessing high plasticity, toughness as well as good weldablity, mild steels have become the main production materials of pressure vessels such as tower reactors and exchangers or chemical equipment.

BURST PRESSURE ESTIMATES OF CYLINDRICAL

PRESSURE VESSELS
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The different theoretical solutions for the burst pressure (Pb) of thin-walled pipes can be expressed in the general form Pb=(CZL/2)n+1(4ti*ult)/Dm ;where ti is the initial wall thickness, Dm is the mean of the inner (Di) and outer (Do) diameters; CZL is a yield theory dependent constant having values CZL=1 for the Tresca Theory

=2/3 for the von Mises theory

Faupels formula
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Svensson formula for min. pressure

For max. pressure

Modified Faupels bursting formula

CONCLUSION

In the design of pressure vessels safety is the primary consideration, especially for nuclear reactor pressure vessels, due to possible severe accident. In general however, the design is a compromise between consideration of economics and safety. Faupels bursting pressure gives accurate result in predictions of bursting pressure for vessels . Design of pressure vessels is a very serious thing because failure of these lead to heavy loss to life and property so we have to take care of all aspect of pressure vessel design.

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REFERENCES
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[1] Harvey J.F.,Theory and Design of Pressure vessels,Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1985. [2] American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME, New York. [3] Kenyon E., Pressure Vessel Design, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2004. [4] International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 88 119 -122, 2011.

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