ATM PETE 625 ATM

ATM ATM
Lesson 3C
Drilling Rate & Pore Pressure
ATM PETE 625 ATM
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Harold Vance Department of
Petroleum Engineering
Drilling Rate & Pore Pressure

Forces on Subsurface Rock
d-exponent
d
c
-exponent
Rehm and McClendon
Zamora
Combs Method
Bourgoyne and Youngs Method
ATM PETE 625 ATM
ATM ATM
Harold Vance Department of
Petroleum Engineering
Drilling Rate & Pore Pressure

Read Chapter 3 in Advanced Well Control
to page 60

HW #4: 2.22, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.36
due 10/08/02
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o
ob
is generally the
maximum in situ
principal stress in
undisturbed rock
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Stresses on Subsurface Rocks
o
ob
, o
H1
, o
H2
and p all increase with depth
o
ob
is in general the maximum in situ
principal stress.

Since the confining stresses o
H1
and o
H2

increase with depth, rock strength increases.

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Stresses on Subsurface Rocks
The pore pressure, p, cannot produce shear
in the rock, and cannot deform the rock.
Mohr-Coulomb behavior is controlled by
the the effective stresses (matrix).
When drilling occurs the stresses change.
o
ob
is replaced by dynamic drilling fluid
pressure.
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The degree of
overbalance now
controls the strength
of the rock ahead of
the bit.
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Rock failure caused by roller cone bit.
The differential pressure from above provides the
normal stress, o
o

Formation fracture is resisted by the shear stress, t
o
,
which is a function of the rock cohesion and the friction
between the plates. This friction depends on o
o
.
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Differential Pressure 0.1 in below the bit.
When o
ob
is replaced by p
hyd
(lower) the rock immediately below the
bit will undergo an increase in pore volume, associated with a
reduction in pore pressure.
In sandstone this pressure is increased by fluid loss from the mud.

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Harold Vance Department of
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Drilling Rate as a Pore Pressure
Predictor
Penetration rate depends on a number of
different parameters.
R = K(P
1
)
a1
(P
2
)
a2
(P
3
)
a3
(P
n
)
an
A modified version of this equation is:

d
b
d
W
N K R
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
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Harold Vance Department of
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Drilling Rate as a Pore Pressure
Predictor
Or, in its most
used form:

in Diameter, Bit d
lbf , Bit Weight W
exponent d d
rpm N
ft/hr R
10
12
log
60
log
b
6
=
=
=
=
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
d
W
N
R
d
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Harold Vance Department of
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d-exponent
The d-exponent normalizes R for any
variations in W and N
Under normal compaction, R should
decrease with depth. This would cause d to
increase with depth.
Any deviation from the trend could be
caused by abnormal pressure.
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d-exponent
Mud weight also affects R..
An adjustment to d may be made:
d
c
= d(
n
/
c
)
where
d
c
= exponent corrected for mud density

n
= normal pore pressure gradient

c
= effective mud density in use
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Harold Vance Department of
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Example 3.9
While drilling in a Gulf Coast shale,
R = 50 ft/hr
W = 20,000 lbf
N = 100 RPM
ECD = 10.1 ppg
d
b
= 8.5 in
Calculate d and dc
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Solution
19 . 1
1 . 10
465 . * 25 . 19
34 . 1
34 . 1
554 . 1
079 . 2
5 . 8 * 10
20000 * 12
log
100 * 60
50
log
6
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=

=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
dc
dc
d
d
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Example 3.10
Predict pore pressure at 6050 ft (ppg):
using:
Rhem and McClendons correlation
Zamoras correlation
The equivalent depth method
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Step 1 is to plot the data on
Cartesian paper.
Slope of 0.000038 ft
-1

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Rehm and McClendon
g
p
= 0.398 log (d
cn
-d
co
) + 0.86
= 0.398 log (1.18 - .95) + .86
g
p
= 0.606 psi/ft


p
= 19.25 * 0606 = 11.7 ppg
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Zamora
g
p
= g
n
(d
cn/
d
co
)
= .465 * (1.18/.95)
g
p
= .578 psi/ft


p
= 19.25 * .578
= 11.1 ppg
1.18
0.95
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Harold Vance Department of
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Equivalent Depth Method
From Fig. 3.19, at
6050 ft,
g
ob
= 0.915 psi/ft
o
ob
= 0.915 * 6050 =
5536 psi
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Harold Vance Department of
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Equivalent Depth Method
From Fig. 3.43,
Equivalent Depth
= 750 ft
At 750 ft,
o
obe
= 0.86 * 750
= 645 psig
and
p
ne
= .465 * 750
= 349 psig
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Harold Vance Department of
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Equivalent Depth Method
From Eq. 3.12 at 6050 ft
p
p
= p
ne
+ (o
ob
- o
obe
)
p
p
= 349 + (5536 - 645) = 5240 psig

e
= 19.25 * (5240 / 6050) = 16.7 ppg

Perhaps the equivalent depth method is not
always suitable for p
p
prediction using d
c
.
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Harold Vance Department of
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Overlays such as this can be
handy, but
be careful that the scale is
correct for the graph paper being
used
the slope is correct for normal
trends
the correct overlay for the
formation is utilized.
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Harold Vance Department of
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To improve pore pressure
predictions using variations in
drilling rate:
Try to keep bit weight and rpm relatively
constant when making measurements
Use downhole (MWD) bit weights when
these are available. (frictional drag in
directional wells can cause large errors)
Add geological interpretation when
possible. MWD can help here also.

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Improved pore press. predictions
Keep in mind that tooth wear can greatly
influence penetration rates.

Use common sense and engineering
judgment.

Use several techniques and compare results.
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Harold Vance Department of
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Combs Method
Combs attempted to improve on the use of
drilling rate for pore pressure by correcting
for:
hydraulics
differential pressure
bit wear
in addition to W, d
b
, and N
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Combs Method
( ) ( )
N d
a
n b
a
a
b
d
t f p f
d d
q N
d
W
R R
q
N
W
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
96 200 3500
q = circulating rate
d
n
= diameter of one bit nozzle
f(p
d
) = function related to the differential pressure
f(t
N
) = function related to bit wear
a
W
= bit weight exponent = 1.0 for offshore Louisiana
a
N
= rotating speed exponent = 0.6 for offshore Louisiana
a
q
= flow rate exponent = 0.3 for offshore Louisiana
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Combs Method
R
d
is the shale drillibility which is defined
as the hypothetical drilling rate which
would be obtained with a sharp bit
operating at:
3500 lbf/in bit weight
200 rpm
zero pressure differential
pump rate of 96 gpm per (in-in) product of hole
diameter and bit nozzle diameter
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Example 3.11
hr f t R
R
/ 2 . 45
88 . 0 * 82 . 0 *
375 . 0 * 25 . 12 * 96
350
200
160
25 . 12 * 3500
39000
85
3 . 0 6 . 0 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
If pore pressure = 12.0 ppg (assumed)
R
d
, f(p
d
) and f(t
N
) must all be evaluated. (see text)
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Tooth wear factor
t
N
= t(N/200)
Correction would
depend upon bit
type, rock hardness,
and abrasiveness
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Differential pressure factor
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Data for Combs Method
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Shale drillibility
At 10,000 R
actual
= 44 ft/hr
Normalized to 85 ft/hr at 9.0
ppg pore pressure.
Assume 12.0 ppg pore pressure
for first iteration. The
expected drillability at 10,000
is 77 ft/hr.
Then use 77 ft/hr as R
d
and
calculate R = 41 ft/hr
Further trial gives pp = 12.3
ppg
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Combs Method
+- 1.0 ppg accuracy
expected.
Very complicated
Probably not valid
elsewhere without
extensive data collection
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Harold Vance Department of
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Bourgoyne and Young
R = f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
5
f
6
f
7
f
8
where f
2
=e
2.303a2(10000-D)

predicts an exponential decrease in
penetration rate with depth in a normal
compaction trend

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Harold Vance Department of
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Bourgoyne and Young
F
3
= e
2.303D**0.69
(
p
-
n
)

predicts an exponential increase in
penetration rate with pore pressure
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Bourgoyne and Young
F
4
= e
2.303a
4
D(
p
-
c
)


predicts the effect of differential pressure on
drilling rate.

p
= pore pressure equivalent

c
= equivalent circulating density
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Harold Vance Department of
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Bourgoyne and Young
bit. the below force impact jet F where
1000
left teeth no bit with a for 1 h
bit tooth, sharp a for 0 h where
60
Bit Weight Threshold where
4000
j
8
7
6
5
8
7
6
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

a
j
h a
a
t
b
b
t
b b
F
f
e f
N
f
d
W
d
W
d
W
d
W
f
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Bourgoyne and Young
The a coefficients are constants which
should be representative for a given rock
age.
Table 3.12 contains values which may be used with reasonable
accuracy for Gulf Coast Tertiary rock.
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Bourgoyne and Young
f
1
= e
a
1

f
1
is used to account for formation strength
characteristics, mud properties and other
parameters not included in the other f-
factors.
Example 3.12 is an example of Bourgoyne
and Youngs model.