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Lesson 9
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Introduction
Basic Life Support needed for patient whose breathing or heart has stopped Ventilations are given to oxygenate blood when breathing is inadequate or has stopped If heart has stopped, chest compressions are given to circulate blood to vital organs Ventilation combined with chest compressions is called cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) CPR is commonly given to patients in cardiac arrest as a result of heart attack
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Transports oxygen and nutrients to all parts of body Helps regulate body temperature Helps maintain bodys fluid balance
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Heart Muscle
Heart is composed of a unique type of muscle (myocardium) that contracts to make pumping action.
Heart Muscle
Arteries
Arterial blood is oxygenated, bright red, and under pressure Carotid arteriesmajor arteries passing through neck to head Femoral arteriesmajor arteries to legs passing through thigh Brachial arteriesin upper arm Radial arteriesmajor artery of lower arm Arteries are generally deeper in body than veins and more protected
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Pulse
When left ventricle contracts, wave of blood is sent through arteries causing pulsing blood pressure changes in arteries that can be palpated in certain body locations A pulse can be felt anywhere an artery passes near skin surface and over a bone Palpate carotid pulse on either side of neck
Pulse continued
Palpate femoral pulse in crease between abdomen and thigh Palpate radial pulse on the palm side of wrist proximal to base of thumb Palpate brachial pulse on the inside of arm between elbow and shoulder
Capillaries
Arteries progressively branch into smaller vessels that eventually reach capillaries Capillaries are very small blood vessels connecting arteries with veins throughout body Capillaries have thin walls through which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with body cells
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Veins
From capillaries, blood drains back to heart through extensive system of veins Venous blood is dark red, deoxygenated, and under less pressure than arterial blood Blood flows more evenly through veins, which dont have a pulse Veins have valves that prevent blood backflow
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Heart Rate
Heart rate, measured as pulse, is affected by many factors With exercise, fever, or emotional excitement, heart rate increases to meet bodys greater need for oxygen Various injuries and illnesses may either increase or decrease heart rate
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Severe bleeding
Shock
Stroke
Reduces blood flow to brain
Heart conditions
Reduce tissue oxygenation
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Ventricular fibrillation
Heart muscle flutters rather than pumping blood
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Cardiac Arrest
Heart may stop (cardiac arrest) as a result of heart attack Brain damage begins 4 - 6 minutes after cardiac arrest Brain damage becomes irreversible in 8 - 10 minutes Dysrhythmia, an abnormal heartbeat, may also reduce hearts pumping effectiveness
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Single-Rescuer CPR
1.Check patients responsiveness, open airway, and determine that patient is not breathing adequately 2.Give 2 ventilations, each lasting 1 second 3.Determine victim has no pulse
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Single-Rescuer CPR
2.Give 2 ventilations, each lasting 1 second 3.Determine victim has no pulse
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Give 30 chest compressions at rate of 100 per minute Then give 2 ventilations
Continue CPR until: Patient begins to move AED brought to scene and ready to use Professional help arrives to take over You are too exhausted to continue
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If patient starts moving, check for adequate breathing If patient is breathing adequately, put patient in recovery position and monitor breathing When AED arrives, start AED sequence
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Two-Rescuer CPR
Performed in cycles of 30:2 for adult (15:2 for infant or child) One rescuer provides breaths, second rescuer gives chest compressions Rescuers switch positions every 2 minutes Change done after full CPR cycle Accomplish change in < 5 seconds
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Skill:
CPR For Adult or Child
(Two Rescuers)
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If no pulse, rescuer 2 gives 30 compressions for adult (15 for child) at rate of 100/minute.
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Continue cycles of 30:2 for adults (15:2 for child). After 5 cycles (~ 2 minutes) switch positions.
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Uses different hand position Place thumbs of both hands on sternum while fingers encircle chest Compress breastbone with both thumbs while squeezing chest with fingers Same rate and depth as usual
Skill:
CPR: Infants Two Rescuers
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