Malnutrition

factors

• Lower socio-economic
• Lifestyle and work
• Poor food choices
• Chronic dieting
• Chronic dses
• Dental and other factors
• Limited access
• Disorders
 Overnutrition
• Overnutrition is a form of malnutrition in
which nutrients are oversupplied relative
to the amounts required for normal growth,
development, and metabolism.
Evaluating Nutritional Disorders
• General
– Weakness and fatigue
– Weight Loss
– Anemia or electrolyte imbalance
– Dec calorie intake, increased calorie use
– Inadequate nutrient intake or absorption
 Obesity
• It is defined as excessive body fat in
relation to lean body mass.

– Health risk of obesity

• Diabetes
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Hypertension
• Osteoarthritis
• Sleep apnea
 Hydration Assessment
• An important indicator of the client’s
general health status.

Adequate hydration can be affected by

various situations.
 Factors that may affect a person’s
hydration status
• Exposure to high/ low temp
• Inability to access inadequate fluids
• Excessive intake of alcohol or diuretic
fluids
• Impaired thirst mechanism
• Taking diuretic meds
• Hyperglycemia
• High fevers
 Dehydration
• amount of water leaving the body is
greater than the amount being taken in.
 over hydration
• also called water excess or water
intoxication, is a condition in which the
body contains too much water.
• occurs when the body takes in more water
than it excretes and its normal sodium
level is diluted.
 Physical Assessment
• Equipment
– Balance beam scale with weight and height
attachment
– Metric measuring tape
– Marking pencil
– Skin fold calipers
 Key points during examination
• Identify the equipment
• Explain the importance of assessing the
body status of the patient
• Educate the client regarding nutritional or
health concern
•
Body Types
Ectomorph-
• Definitive "Hard Gainer"
• Delicate Built Body
• Flat Chest
• Fragile
• Lean
• Lightly Muscled
• Small Shouldered
• Takes Longer to Gain Muscle
• Thin
• Mesomorph
• Athletic
• Hard Body
• Hourglass Shaped (Female)
• Rectangular Shaped (Male)
• Mature Muscle Mass
• Muscular Body
• Excellent Posture
• Gains Muscle Easily
• Gains Fat More Easily Than Ectomorphs
• Thick Skin
• Endomorph
• Soft Body
• Underdeveloped Muscles
• Round Physique
• Weight Loss is Difficult
• Gains Muscle Easily Like the Mesomorph.
 Weight and height
• Observe if patient’s wt. and ht varied with
their age, gender, ethnic and heritage.
• Observe their weight by anthropometric
measurements
 Determine the Ideal Body Weight
and Percentage of IDW
• Female- 100lb. For 5 ft. + 5 lb. each inch
• Male 106 lb for 5ft + 6lb for each inch

• Note: +- 10% for small or large frame.

actual weight
IBW X100= %IBW
 Body Mass Index
weight in kg/height in m2=BMI

Or
Weight in pounds/Height in inches x 703=BMI
 Classification and range of BMI
• Underweight---- <18.5
• Normal----------- 18.5-24.9
• Overweight------ 25.0-29.9
• Obesity----------- 30.0-34.9 high
35.0-39.9 very high
• Extreme obesity- > 40
 Determining Waist circumference
• Normal range:
– Female- equal or less than 35 inches or 88
cm.
– Male- Equal or less than 40 inches or 102 cm
 Mid-arm circumference
• Normal Range

• Female- 28.5 cm
• Male- 29.3 cm
 Triceps skin fold thickness (TSF)
• Using the skin caliper to measure the
thickness

• Normal range:
– Female- 16.5mm
– Male- 12.5mm
 Mid-arm muscle circumference
(MAMC)
• MAMC= MAC- (0.314x TSF(mm))

• Standard reference:
– Female- 23.2cm
– Male- 25.3cm