Dr.

FidaAir Un
EE 401

Power Electronics-I
Text Book:
Power Electronics Circuits, Devices, and Applications
By
Muhammad Rashid
Edition: 3
rd


Dr. FidaAir Un
EE401 Power Electronics I (Revised)
Operating characteristics of power semiconductor devices such
as Bipolar Junction Transistors, IGBTs, MOSFETs and
Thyristors.. The gate drives circuit characteristics, functional
requirements and implementation techniques. Understand the
operation and characteristics of single and three phase rectifiers
with resistive and inductive loads. This includes un-controlled,
semi controlled and fully controlled rectifiers. Switching
techniques, analysis and design for dc-dc conversion and types
of dc-dc converters. Switching techniques, analysis and design
for dc-ac conversion, and different types of modulation
techniques to eliminate harmonics.

Chapters: 1 (1.1 to 1.6), 2 (2.8 to 2.13), 3 (3.1 to 3.5 & 3.7 to 3.12), 4 (4.2,
4.3 4.4, 4.6,4.7) 5 (5.1 to 5.12) , 6 (6.1 to 6.6, 6.10 to 6.12), 7(7.1 to 7.6),
10(10.1 to 10.11), 17 (17.1 to 17.9)

Text Book: Power Electronics circuits, devices and applications (3rd Edition) - Rashid
Reference Book: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan
Dr. FidaAir Un
(Sections 1.1 to 1.6)
CHAPTER 1

Introduction
Dr. FidaAir Un
Introduction To Power Electronics
Chapter 1
Power Electronics
Electronics
Digital Electronics
Micro Electronics
Nano Electronics
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Dr. FidaAir Un
DEFINITION:
To convert, i.e to process and control the flow of electric power by
supplying voltages and currents in a form that is optimally suited
for user loads.
Power Electronics
Dr. FidaAir Un
To convert electrical energy from one form to another,
i.e. from the source to load with:

highest efficiency

highest availability

highest reliability

lowest cost

smallest size

least weight.
Power Electronics (PE) Systems
Dr. FidaAir Un
POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHING DEVICES

1. Uncontrolled turn on and off (Power Diode)

2. Controlled turn on uncontrolled turn off (Thyristors)

3. Controlled turn on and off characteristic (Power Transistor, BJT,
MOSFET, GTO, IGBT)

4. Continuous gate signal requirement (BJT, MOSFET, IGBT)

5. Pulse gate requirement (SCR, GTO)

6. Bipolar voltage-withstanding capability (SCR, GTO)

7. Unipolar voltage-withstanding capability (BJT, MOSFET, GTO, IGBT)

8. Bidirectional current capability (TRIAC)

9. Undirectionalcurrent capability (SCR, GTO, BJT, MOSFET, IGBT)
Sec 1.2,3 Page 5
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Figure 3-15: Power Switches: Power Handlings
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Table of Characteristic and Symbol of Power Electronic Devices
Table 1.3 Page 12
SITH: Static Induction Thyristor
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Table of Characteristic and Symbol of Power Electronic Devices
MCT: MOS controlled Thyristor
MTO: MOS Turn Off
ETO: Emitter Turn Off
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Table of Characteristic and Symbol of Power Electronic Devices
IGCT: Integrated gate-commutated Thyristor
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Table of Characteristic and Symbol of Power Electronic Devices
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REMEEMBER: Power switch never operates in linear mode.
Can be categorized into three groups:
1. Uncontrolled: Diode :

2. Semi-controlled: Thyristor (SCR). Easy ON, Difficult
TURN OFF

3. Fully controlled: (Easy ON, Easy Turn OFF)
Traditional Fully Controlled devices :
- Bipolar junction transistors (BJT),
- Metal oxide silicon field effect transistor( MOSFET)
- Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT),
- Gate turn-off thyristors (GTO)

Emerging (new) devices: Gate controlled thyristor (GCT).
Sec 1.3 Page
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Figure 1.8 Page 13
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Control Characteristic of Power Electronic Devices Figure 1.9 Page 14
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Figure 1.9 Page 14
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1.5 (Page 20) Types Power Electronic Circuits

Static converter: Power electronic converter that convert electric
power from one form to another.

The power semiconductor devices or power electronic converter
fall generally into six categories :


-AC to DC Converter (Controlled Rectifier)

-DC to DC Converter (DC Chopper)

-AC to AC Converter (AC voltage regulator)

-DC to AC Converter (Inverter)

-Static Switches
Dr. FidaAir Un
AC to DC: RECTIFIER (Diodes)
CHOPPER
DC to AC: Converter
[Switching Mode Power Supply] (SMPS)
AC to DC: CONVERTERS (Thyristors)
Uncontrolled: RECTIFIERS
Controlled RECTIFIERS
AC to AC: Converter
INVERTER
DC to DC: Converter
Sec 1.5 (Page 20) TYPES OF POWER ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS
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Diode Rectifiers (un-controlled)
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Controlled
Semi-
Controlled
Dual
I
o
V
dc
-V
dc
-I
o
Chapter 3
Chapter 10
Rectifier
Mode
Inverter
Mode
Rectifier
Mode
Inverter
Mode
Dr. FidaAir Un
DC -Loads
Diodes Rectifiers
(un-controlled)
Resistive
R-L (Motors)
Battery
Charging
Single Phase Half Wave
Single Phase Full Wave
Three Phase Full Wave
Three Phase Half Wave
DC Power
Supplies
HVDC
Single-Phase
Poly (Multi)
Phase
Dr. FidaAir Un
Diode Rectifiers (un-controlled): Converts AC voltage into a
fixed DC voltage. The input voltage to rectifier could be either
single phase or three phase.
Figure 1.11
Single phase Center-tapped Transformer Rectifier
Single phase Bridge Rectifier
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AC to DC Converters (controlled Rectifier):
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1-phase Bridge ac-dc converter
Figure 1.12
1- phase Center-tapped Transformer
ac-dc converter
AC to DC Converters (controlled Rectifier): The DC output
voltage can be controlled by varying the firing angle of the
thyristors. The AC input voltage could be a single or three phase.
Dr. FidaAir Un
}
t
e e
t
=
0
2
1
) t ( d t sin V
m
}
t
e e
t
=
0
1
) t ( d t sin V V
m dc
}
t
e e
t
=
3
0
3
3
2
2
/
m dc
) t ( d t cos V V
}
t
e e
t
=
6
0
3
6
2
2
/
m dc
) t ( d t cos V V
}
o + t
o
e e
t
= ) t ( d t sin V
m
2
1
}
o + t
o
e e
t
= ) t ( d t sin V V
m dc
1
) . (
/
/
m dc
) t ( d t sin V V 19 10
6 5
6
2
3
}
o + t
o + t
e e
t
=
}
o + t
o + t
e
t
+ e
t
=
2
6
6
3
3
/
/
m dc
) t ( d ) t sin( V V
Dr. FidaAir Un
rms dc
max
dc
V . V
V
V
45 0 =
t
=
rms dc
max
dc
V . V
V
V
9 0
2
=
t
=
) (
) max(
17 . 1
2
3 3
LN rms dc
LN
dc
V V
V
V
=
=
t
o =
o
t
=
cos V . V
cos
V
V
rms dc
max
dc
45 0
o =
o
t
=
cos V . V
cos
V
V
rms dc
max
dc
9 0
2
o
o
t
cos 17 . 1
cos
2
3 3
) (
) max(
LN rms dc
LN
dc
V V
V
V
=
=
) (
) max(
35 . 1
3
LN rms dc
LN
dc
V V
V
V
=
=
t
o
o
t
cos 35 . 1
cos
3
) (
) max(
LN rms dc
LN
dc
V V
V
V
=
=
Dr. FidaAir Un
Performance Parameters

Single, and 3-phase Rectifies
Dr. FidaAir Un
1-| H/Wave Rectifier Ex 3-1
1-| FWR Ex 3-4(P78) 3-| FWR Ex 3-10(P94)
t
e
m
average
T
m dc o
V
V Also
t V
T
V V
=
= =
}
2
0
sin
1
t
e
m
T
m
V
t V
T
2
sin
2
2
0
=
=
}
t
e
t
t
m
m
V
t V
3 3
cos 3
6
2
2
6
0
=
=
}
( )
m
m
T
m out rms
V
V
t V
T
V
5 . 0
2
sin
1
2
0
2
) (
= =
=
}
e
( )
m
m
T
m
V
V
t V
T
707 . 0
2
sin
2
2
0
2
= =
=
}
e
( )
m m
m
V V
t V
6554 . 1
4
3 9
2
3
cos 3
6
2
2
6
0
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
}
t
e
t
t
RMS voltage of the transformer Secondary
( )
m
T
m s
V
t V
T
V
707 . 0
sin
1
0
2
=
=
}
e ( )
m
T
m s
V
t V
T
V
707 . 0
sin
1
0
2
=
=
}
e ( )
m
T
m s
V
t V
T
V
707 . 0
sin
1
0
2
=
=
}
e
Dr. FidaAir Un
1-| H/Wave Rectifier Ex 3-1
1-| FWR Ex 3-4(P78) 3-| FWR Ex 3-10(P94)
m
m
dc o
V .
V
V V 318 0 =
t
= =
m
m
V .
V
6366 0
2
=
t
=
m
m
V .
V
654 1
3 3
=
t
=
m
m
) rms (
o
V .
V
V 5 0
2
= =
m
m
V .
V
707 0
2
= =
m
V 6554 . 1 =
( )
( )
R
V .
I V
R
V
P
m
dc dc
dc
) out (
dc
2
2
318 0
=
= =
( )
R
V .
m
2
6366 0
=
( )
R
V .
m
2
654 1
=
( )
( )
R
V .
I V
R
V
P
m
ac ac
ac
) out (
ac
2
2
5 0
=
= =
( )
R
V .
m
2
707 0
=
( )
R
V .
m
2
6554 1
=
Dr. FidaAir Un
% .
) V . o (
) V . (
I V
I V
P
P
m
m
rms rms
dc dc
ac
dc
5 40
5
38 0
2
2
=
=
= = q
%
) V . (
) V . (
m
m
81
707 0
6366 0
2
2
=
=
% .
) V . (
) V . (
m
m
83 99
6554 1
654 1
2
2
=
=
% or
.
V .
V .
V
V
Factor Form
m
m
dc
rms
157
57 1
138 0
5 0
=
=
=
% or
.
V .
V .
m
m
111
11 1
6366 0
707 0
=
=
% . or
.
V .
V .
m
m
0008 1
010008 0
65 1
655 1
=
=
FF is the measure of the shape
of the output voltage
1-| H/Wave Rectifier Ex 3-1
1-| FWR Ex 3-4(P78) 3-| FWR Ex 3-10(P94)
Dr. FidaAir Un
% or
. ) . (
) FF (
V
V
Factor Ripple
dc
ac
121
21 1 1 57 1
1
2
2
= =
= =
=
% . or
.
) . (
2 48
482 0
1 11 1
2
=
=
% or
.
) . (
4
04 0
1 0008 1
2
=
=
% . or
.
) . )( . (
) . (
I V
P
TUF
Factor n Utilizatio
. r Transforme
s s
dc
6 28
286 0
5 0 707 0
318 0
2
= =
=
times
r Transforme
TUF
75 . 1
75 . 1 / 1
% 32 . 57
5732 . 0
) 5 . 0 )( 707 . 0 ( 2
) 6366 . 0 (
2
=

=
=
7804 0 707 0 3 3
654 1
2
. x . x
) . (
=
% . or
.
42 95
9542 0 =
RF is the measure of
the ripple content
1-| H/Wave Rectifier Ex 3-1
1-| FWR Ex 3-4(P78) 3-| FWR Ex 3-10(P94)
Dr. FidaAir Un
Peak Inverse
(reverse) blocking
Voltage (PIV)
= V
m
=2 V
m
m
V 3 =
2
5 0
1
5 0
= =
= =
=
.
R
V .
R
V
I
I
CF Factor Crest
m
m
s
) peak ( s
2
707 0
1
707 0
= =
.
R
V .
R
V
m
m
?
Crust Factor is
used to specify the
peak current
ratings of devices
and components
1-| H/Wave Rectifier Ex 3-1
1-| FWR Ex 3-4(P78) 3-| FWR Ex 3-10(P94)
Dr. FidaAir Un
( )
707 0
5 0 707 0
5 0
2
1
1
.
. x .
.
VI
P
cos
I
I
cos
I V
I V
PF Factor Power
ac
s
s
s s
s s
=
=
= | =
| =
=
( )
707 0
5 0 707 0 2
707 0
2
.
. x . x
.
=
=
TUF as same
x x
95 . 0
7804 . 0 707 . 0 3 3
) 654 . 1 (
2
=
=
1-| H/Wave Rectifier Ex 3-1
1-| FWR Ex 3-4(P78) 3-| FWR Ex 3-10(P94)
Dr. FidaAir Un
An ideal rectifier has the following Parameters values:

%
P
P
ac
dc
100 = = q
2 2
0
dc rms ac
V V V = =
dc
ac
V
V
RF = = 0
2 1
2
1
1 0
/
s
s
I
I
THD HF
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
s s
dc
I V
P
TUF = =1
I
s1
=I
s
then PF=DF

Dr. FidaAir Un
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
TUF
1
Signifies that the input transformer, if present, must be 1/TUF
times larger than that when it is used to deliver power from a pure
ac sinusoidal voltage.
5 3
286 0
1
1
.
.
TUF
= = 75 1
5732 0
1
1
.
.
TUF
= =
048 1
9542 0
1
1
.
.
TUF
= =
Dr. FidaAir Un
40
500; 800 kV HVDC Transmission
Long Distance
High Voltage DC (HVDC)
Transmission
Power Flow
Power Flow
Fully Controlled Converter
Power Plant



HVDC
Components
50 Hz 60 Hz
Asynchronous Connection
Next Slide Shows how many countries are using HVDC
Dr. FidaAir Un
AC to AC Converters (Phase control):
Dr. FidaAir Un
AC to AC Converters (Phase control): Convert from a fixed ac
input voltage into variable AC output voltage. The output voltage is
controlled by varying firing angle of TRIAC. These type converters
are known as AC voltage regulator.
Dr. FidaAir Un
Single-phase ac regulator (TRIAC) integral cycle control
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star load
AC voltage regulators using TRIACS (Phase Control of 3-phase)
delta load
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DC to DC Converters
(Switching mode power supply [SMPS])
Choppers
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DC Voltage
Regulator
Series Shunt Step-
Down
Linear
Switching
Step-up Up & Down
(Negative)
Chopper
s
+ Positive - Negative
Dual
Buck
Boost
Buck-boost
Regulated
Power Supply
-Low Efficiency (Disadvantage)
-Low Noise (Advantage)
-High Efficiency (Advantage)
-High Noise (Disadvantage)
In Power Electronics
We discuss only
Switching Power
supplies
In Power Electronics
Why not Linear PS?
Dr. FidaAir Un
Until about two or three decades ago, the linear regulators
were the only reliable methods to meet all dc
requirements.
Some of the major problems associated with the linear
regulator is its size and weight of its components such as
the transformer.
The voltage regulator element in these circuits has a
comparatively high voltage across its terminals and
dissipates large amounts of power, which results in low
efficiency.
For this very reason, the use of linear regulators is now
limited to low power applications.
Dr. FidaAir Un
Dr. FidaAir Un
Figure 3-40
RL
V
load
I
load
V
DC
+

SCR

v
1
(t)

D
1
V
DC
R
load
V
load
I
load
+

V
DC
t

V
DC
t

V
load
V
AV
Figure 1.11
T
ON Off
BJT
MOSFET
IGBT
DC to DC Converters (Switching mode power supply [SMPS],
choppers) . Converter DC input voltage into variable DC voltage.
The DC output voltage is controlled by varying of duty cycle.
t
V
load
t
V
load
T
ON Off
T
ON Off
DC
off on
on
AV
V
t + t
t
= V
Dr. FidaAir Un
Dr. FidaAir Un
DC to AC Converters (Inverters)
Dr. FidaAir Un
FULL BRIDGE (H-BRIDGE) INVERTER
DC to AC Converters (Inverters): Convert from a fixed dc input
voltage into variable frequency and voltage AC output voltage.
Figure 1.15
Dr. FidaAir Un
Series Hybrid Electric Car

Run at Their Maximum Efficiency
35% 85%
Input : Mechanical
Power
Transform to
Electrical
Power
Output:
Mechanical
Power
Dr. FidaAir Un
DC/ 1| AC 3| AC/DC
12V
Battery
12V
Battery
12V
Battery
220V, 50Hz
To House Appliances
3|Generator
Solar Panel
DC Output
Solar Panel
Hybrid Power System For A Single House
Dr. FidaAir Un
DC/ 1| AC 3| AC/DC
12V
Battery
12V
Battery
12V
Battery
220V, 50Hz
To House Appliances
Dr. FidaAir Un
Static Switch
Dr. FidaAir Un
Static Switch: Because the power devices can be operated as
static switches or contactors, the supply to these switches could
be either AC or DC and the switches are called as AC static
switches or DC static switches.
Rectifier
(charger)
Inverter
Battery
Isolating
Transformer
Static bypass
switch
Load
Main 1
Main 2
Figure 1.16
Block diagram of an uninterrupted power supply (UPS)
Dr. FidaAir Un
1.7 Root mean square (RMS)

The root mean square of a signal is its quadratic mean value. A
DC voltage with the same value as the RMS of a periodic signal
produces exactly the same thermal power on a resistor (in
average time). The RMS of a periodic signal v(t) can be calculated
as follows:
For a sinusoidal signal with v(t) = V
max
sin (et)
it can be calculated to
2
max
V
V
rms
=
}
+
= =
T t
t
eff rms
dt t v
T
V V
0
0
) (
1
2
Dr. FidaAir Un
Sec 1.7 Root-Mean-Squares (RMS)
}
t
e
t
2
0
.
2
1
t d
2
(.)
Dr. FidaAir Un
Root Mean Squares of X
}
t
e
t
2
0
2
) (
2
1
t d f
Step 2:
X
2
) ( f Step 1:
X
}
t
e
t
2
0
2
) (
2
1
t d f Step 3:
X
Dr. FidaAir Un
Concept of RMS
e
t
v
v
2

Average of v
2

Square root of the
average of v
2
Average
of v=0
Dr. FidaAir Un
For each of the following application, choose the best
power switches and reason out why.

An inverter for the light-rail train (LRT) locomotive operating
from a DC supply of 750 V. The locomotive is rated at 150 kW.
The induction motor is to run from standstill up to 200 Hz, with
power switches frequencies up to 10KHz.

A switch-mode power supply (SMPS) for remote
telecommunication equipment is to be developed. The input
voltage is obtained from a photovoltaic array that produces a
maximum output voltage of 100 V and a minimum current of
200 A. The switching frequency should be higher than 100kHz.

A HVDC transmission system transmitting power of 300 MW
from one ac system to another ac system both operating at 50
Hz, and the DC link voltage operating at 2.0 kV. (Cont)

Assignment-Application examples(Due Next Class
Dr. FidaAir Un
Question: 3 (15)
- The project manager has seen an advert for a BJT with the
appropriate voltage and current ratings. The price is very
attractive. You are under pressure to abandon the IGBT or
MOSFET you have chosen, both of which are more expensive
than the BJT. Set out the arguments you could use in favour of
retaining the IGBT or MOSFET you have chosen.
Dr. FidaAir Un
Objective type questions

Qs#1 Which is the Power semiconductor device having

a) Highest switching speed;
b) Highest voltage / current ratings;
c) Easy drive features;
d) Can be most effectively paralleled;
e) Can be protected against over-currents with a fuse;
f) Gate-turn off capability with regenerative features;
g) Easy drive and High power handling capability

Ans: a) MOSFET; b) SCR; c) MOSFET; d) MOSFET; e) SCR ; (f)
GTO; (g) IGBT
Dr. FidaAir Un
Power Basics
Points to Know/Note/Remember/Memorize
1.Transistor (BJT,MOSFET,IGBT) operate in
saturation and cutoff modes.
2. INDUCTOR during Charging/Discharging:
Direction of CURRENT remains same but
POLARITY changes.

3.CAPACITOR during Charging/Discharging:
direction of CURRENT reversed but POLARITY
remain the same.
Dr. FidaAir Un
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_rlc-l.htm
http://williamson-labs.com/
Dr. FidaAir Un
DC to DC: CHOPPER [Switching Mode Power Supply] (SMPS)
Dr. FidaAir Un
Dr. FidaAir Un
2.10 Diode Circuit with an RC Load
Figure 2.12
Dr. FidaAir Un
2.10 Diode Circuit with an RL Load
Figure 2.13
Dr. FidaAir Un
2.11 Diode Circuit with an LC Load
Figure 2.15
Dr. FidaAir Un
Self:

Example 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6
Dr. FidaAir Un
Figure 2.17
The characteristic equation is:
2.11 Diode Circuit with an RLC Load
Dr. FidaAir Un
The roots of the characteristic equation is:
The characteristic equation in s domain:
Where damping factor and resonant frequency
are:
2.11 Diode Circuit with an RLC Load
Dr. FidaAir Un
Case 1: o=e
o
and s
1
= s
2.
The circuit is critically
damped. The solution has the form:
Case 2: o>e
o
The roots are real and the circuit
is over-damped.

The solution has the form:
Case 3: o<e
o
The roots are complex and the
circuit is under-damped.

The roots are:
2.11 Diode Circuit with an RLC Load
Dr. FidaAir Un
2.11 Diode Circuit with an RLC Load
Case 3: o<e
o
The roots are complex and the
circuit is under-damped.

The roots are:
The solution has the form of damped or
decaying sinusoidal:
where e
r
is ringing frequency, given by
Dr. FidaAir Un
2.12 Free-Wheeling Diodes
Figure 2.21
Dr. FidaAir Un