KNL 2383

DIODE

Introduction
Two terminal device having the symbol?????? Characteristics switch that can conduct current in only one direction Short circuit for region of conduction Open circuit for region of nonconduction

Semiconductor Material
Conductor any material that support a generous flow of charge when a voltage source of limited magnitude is applied across its terminal Insulator material that offers a very low level of conductivity under pressure from an applied voltage source Semiconductor material that has a conductivity level between insulator and conductor

Semiconductor Diode
Two material are joined, electron and holes in the region will combine, resulting in a lack of carriers in the region near the junction The application of a voltage across its terminals leaves 3 possibilities (no applied bias, reverse bias, forward bias)

Zener Diode
With the application of sufficient reverse voltage, a p-n junction will experience a rapid avalanche breakdown and conduct current in the reverse direction.

Zener Applications
The Zener effect as embodied in the zener diode has many applications for control and regulation.

Zener Regulator
The constant reverse voltage of the zener diode makes it a valuable component for the regulation of the output voltage against both variations in the input voltage from an unregulated power supply or variations in the load resistance. The current through the zener will change to keep the voltage at within the limits of the threshold of zener action and the maximum power it can dissipate

Zener Regulator

Zener Controlled Output Switching

This comparator application makes use of the properties of the zener diode to cause the output to switch between voltages determined by the zener diodes when the input voltage difference changes sign. The output circuit amounts to a zener regulator which switches from one zener voltage to the other on a transition.

Zener Controlled Output Switching

Resistance Level
DC or Static Resistance AC or Dynamic Resistance Average AC Resistance

Diode Equivalent Circuits

Piecewise Linear Equivalent Circuit Simplified Equivalent Circuit Ideal Equivalent Circuit

Diode Testing
Diode Checking Function Ohmmeter Testing Curve Tracer

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Diode that give off visible light when it is energized The process of giving off light by applying an electrical an electrical source of energy is called????

LED

ELECTROLUMINESCENE

Diode Applications
Load line analysis analyze the intersection of the load line with the characteristics that will determined the point of operation of the system. E = VD + IDR

Example 1
For the series diode configuration fig.7 (a), employing the diode characteristics of fig. (b), determine:
VDQ and IDQ VR

Example 1: Solution
ID E 10V 20mA R VD 0V 0.5k
D 0 A

VD E I

10V

The resulting load line appears in fig. The intersection between the load line and the characteristics curve defines the Q-point as;
VDQ 0.78V I DQ 18.5mA

The level of VD is certainly an estimate, and the accuracy of ID is limited by the chosen scale. A higher degree of accuracy would require a plot that would be much larger and perhaps unwieldy. VR I R R I D R (18.5mA)(1k)
Q

Example 1: Solution

As noted in the example, the load line is determined solely by the applied network, where as the characteristics are defined by the chosen device. if we turn to our approximate model for the diode and do not disturb the network, the load line will be exactly the same as obtained in fig.8 below.

Series Diode Configurations With DC Inputs

A Diode is in the on state if the current established by the applied source Its direction matches that of the arrow in the diode symbol VD 0.7 V is for silicon VD 0.3 V is for germanium

Series Diode Configurations With DC Inputs

VD = VT V R = E VT ID = IR = VR/ R

Example 2
For the series diode configuration of fig., determine VD, VR and ID.

Solution: Ex. 2
Since the applied voltage establishes a current in the clockwise direction to match the arrow of the symbol and the diode is in the on state,
VD 0.7 VR E VD 8V 0.7V ID IR VR 7.3V 3.32mA R 2.2k

Parallel and series-parallel Configurations

Example 3 Determine Vo, I1, D1 and D2, for the parallel diode configuration of fig. 14

Solution: Ex.4
For the applied voltage the pressure of the source acts to establish a current through each diode in the same direction as shown in fig. Since the resulting current direction matches that of the arrow in each diode symbol and the applied voltage is greater than 0.7V, both diodes are in the on state. The voltage across parallel elements is always the same and,

 Vo=0.7V

Fig. 14

Determining the unknown quantities for the network

Solution: Ex.4
The current is, VR E VD 10V 0.7V 28.18mA R R 0.33k Assuming diodes of similar characteristic,we have, I1 I D1 I D2 I1 28.18mA 14.09mA 2 2

Fig.14 Determining the unknown quantities for the network

Notes: If the current rating of the diodes of fig. is only 20mA, a current of 28.18mA would damage the device if it appeared alone. By placing two in parallel, we limit the current to a safe value of 14.09mA with the same terminal voltage.

Sinusoidal Inputs
Half wave rectification Full wave rectification

Half wave Rectification

Full wave Rectification

Clippers
Diode networks that have the ability to clip off a portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform Two general categories: - Series - Parallel

Clippers

Series configuration defined as one where the diode is in series with load Parallel has the diode in a branch parallel to the load

Clampers

Clamp a signal to a different dc level. The network consist of capacitor, diode and resistive element

Zener Diodes Analysis

Vi and R fixed Fixed Vi, variable RL

Fixed RL, Variable Vi

Voltage Multiplier Circuits

Voltage Doubler Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler

Practical Applications of Diode

Rectification Protective Configuration Polarity Insurance Controlled Battery Powered Backup Polarity Detector Offering Longer Life and Durability AC Regulator and Square Wave Generator

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THE END