Civil Engineering Surveying

Roy Frank

Planning A Survey

Planning requires a well rounded understanding of surveying practices Process:

1.

Choice of accuracy required (depends on use to be made)

1. 2. 3.

Basic Control Topographic Photogrammetry

Planning A Survey
2. Existing Control
1. Search records for existing control in area
1. Illinois Geological Survey Urbana, IL 2. National Geodetic Survey Rolla, MO or Rockville, Maryland

3. Reconnaissance:
1. Search Procedure:
1. Description often dated 2. Can use GPS receiver (Lat. And Long) 3. Probe, detectors often problems - brass

Planning A Survey
4. Choice of Instruments and Methods
1. Depends on availability, location, existing features, and accuracy

5. Computation and Drafting

Accuracy and Errors

Accuracy depends on:
1. Precise instruments 2. Precise Methods 3. Good Planning

Example: Angle turned with theodolite, pointed with care; readings checked thus good precision. Angles of 2-3 expected, real results angles 15 = accuracy

Errors
3 Types
1. Blunders 2. Systematic Error 3. Accidental Error

Blunder is a mistake, to help eliminate:

1. Every value to be recorded must be checked by some independent field observation

Errors
2.

3.

Once check indicates that there is no blunder, field record must never be changed or destroyed An overall check must be applied to every control survey. Make as many overall checks as possible.

Errors
Systematic Error an error that under the same conditions will always be of same size and sign. Basic Rules to Eliminate:

1.

2.

All surveying equipment must be designed and used so that whenever possible systematic errors will be eliminated automatically Systematic error which can not be eliminated must be evaluated and their relationship to conditions that cause them must be determined.

Example: Temperature Corrections

Errors
Accidental Errors (random errors) represent the limit of precision in the determination of a value Corrected be laws of probability
Compass Rule and Least Squares

Hydrographic Surveys
Surveys and mapping of bodies of water and shorelines 2. Rivers and Lakes Process different
1.

2.

Rivers
2. Normal process is to establish 2 parallel lines of control points on opposite sides 3. River Portion: 2 processes
2. EDM similar to radial 3. Dual instrument with position by angle and intersection

3.

Lakes
2. Normal process same as river but generally do not have current problems

Overall Process:
1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

Establish control points both horizontal and vertical Preplan where sections are to be taken (this is basis for control points on shore) Cross sections taken If EDM, radials taken from control points due to difficulty in obtaining shots under 300 May have to combine cross sections and radial location to pick up anomalies not covered by cross sections

Gauging Stations

1.

2.

3.

Purpose is to install either manually read or automatic gauges to determine stream, river, lake, or ocean elevations Process: Establish system of BMs throughout area gauges will be installed Establish elevation mark at site for installation After gauges are installed, check elevation of each

Topographic Surveys
6 Basic Methods 1. Radial 2. Plus/Offset

2. Plus Offset
2. Establish baseline (Often centerline), establish points at station interval 50, 100, 200 3. Tie planimetric data by distance down line plus distance right or left (looking up stationing) 4. Establish elevations on station points then elevation out a predetermined distance with shots at breaks

Topographic Surveys
4. Due additional section to locate features in between stations 5. Equipment: Tape, Level, Rod, Transit, - Right Angle Prism? 2. Grid Method 1. Take cross Section Groups and Combine 2. Establish Grid baseline often property line 3. Establish Perpendicular line 4. Both Marked at grid interval (25, 50) 5. Planimetric tied plus/offset in each grid 6. Grid laid out by double taping 7. Field notes 1 2 grids/page

Topographic Surveys
3. Photogrammetry
1. Limitations
1. Trees Leaves off no large growths of coniferous 2. Ground Cover grass, thick weeds and vines, snow 3. Clear Sky 4. Tall Buildings Due to these Limitations Illinois only has on the average of 2 weeks flying time

Topographic Surveys

Scale Photo S = (f/H) Coordinates From Photos XA = (xa/f)(H-ha) YA = (ya/f)(H-ha) Height of an object r = radial dist. to top d = radial dist. to top radial dist. to bottom h= d (H) / r

Topographic Surveys
4. GPS: Total Station System
1. Basic of GPS
1. Topo with GPS 2. Topo: Trimble Total Station (RTK)

2. Limitations:
1. Must be able to maintain satellite signal Trees, Building 2. Signal Reflection (Multipath) Buildings, Fences, Roofs 3. Debate over elevation (0.15 +/- my belief)

Topographic Surveys
5. Trace Contour
1. Used to identify several contours around an area

6. Plane Table Surveys

1. Rarely used 2. Method prepares a manuscript map in the field

Mapping and Map Drafting

2 Basic Types of Maps used in Engineering
1. Line Drawing 2. Photogrametrically prepared manuscript or orthophoto map

Mapping and Map Drafting

1. Datum in Mapping:
Datum used to correlate measurements, to determine elevations and horizontal positions for points at different locations Topographic Maps using Symbols Show:
1. Spatial configuration of Earths surface (contours) 2. Natural Features (Lakes, Rivers, etc.) 3. Physical Changes caused by man

Mapping and Map Drafting

2. Planning Maps
Used in planning Engineering work or overall planning at the urban, Regional, or National Levels

3. Plotting Contours:
Interpolation:
1. Estimation 2. Computation

Mapping and Map Drafting

4. Contours
Characteristics of Contours:
1. Horizontal distance between contour lines is inversely proportionate to the slope 2. Uniform slopes have contours evenly spaced 3. Along plane surfaces (manmade) contour lines are straight and parallel 4. Contour lines are perpendicular to lines of steepest slope 5. All contours close upon themselves 6. Different contours do not merge or cross one another (except vertical walls, overhangs, cliffs) on map

Mapping and Map Drafting

Factors that influence choice of map scale
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Clarity with which features can be shown Cost (larger scale higher cost) Correlation of Map data with related maps Desired size of map sheet Physical factors (number and character), nature of terrain, required contour interval

Mapping and Map Drafting

5. Map Classifications
Based on American Society of Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Mapping Division 1. Design Maps:
Used to design and construct

6. Information shown on Maps:

Mapping and Map Drafting

1. The following should be on a map:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Direction of Meridian (North) Graphical Scale (Bar in case of reduction) Legend or key of symbols Title Block (identifiers) Contour Interval Datum to which both Horizontal and Vertical are Referenced 7. If coordinate base used what system

Mapping and Map Drafting

2. If map is to become public record (subdivision). It must contain in addition to the above:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Length of each line Direction of each line (bearing or angles) Subdivision numbering system (lot and block) Location and Kind of monuments Names of property owners (on site and adjacent) Full description of Boundary Certificate of Surveyor that map is correct

Planning and Estimating from Topo Maps

Purpose of Topo maps 2. Profiles 3. Grade contour 4. Drainage Area
1.

Limits determined by following characteristics:

1. Begins and ends at the point in the stream to which it applies 2. Passes through every saddle that divides drainage area 3. Often follows ridges

5. Reservoir Capacity

Earthwork Computations by Average End Area

Prepare Cross Sections
Differentiate between existing & proposed

Planimeter Cross Sections

Amount of cut & fill for each cross section Beginning and end stations have 0 value

Compute Volume
Conversion Constant: 1.852 = (100/27)/ 2 = {(Sta. Dist.)/ [CF/CY]} / 2

Earthwork by Average End Area

EARTHWORK BY AVERAGE END AREA (EXAMPLE) END AREAS: STATION CUT EMBANKMENT 0+00 0 0 1+00 10 156 2+60 50 795 3+00 197 1526 4+80 5 110 5+00 0 0

SAMPLE END AREA

STATION 0+00 1+00 2+60 3+00 4+80 CUT 0 10 50 197 5 FILL 0 156 60 795 247 1526 202 110 5 110 0.2 1 22 570 5574 1636 1.8 364 2945 569 5552 2321 0.4 99 929 205 2607 951 1.6 96 1522 106 1678 SUM CUT FILL 10 156 D/100 1.0 CUT 10 FILL 156 SUM CUT FILL 10 156

CUT: 570 X 1.852 = 1056 Cubic Yards EMBANKMENT: 5574 X 1.852 = 10324 Cubic Yards Compaction Factor = 25%, 10324 CY X 1.25 = 12905 CY Fill

U.S. Rectangular System

1. 2.

3. 4.

IDEAL Process: Area divided by establishment of Principal Meridians and Baselines Area divided into 24 mile square tracts quadrangle using guide meridians and Standards of Parallel (correction lines) Divide 24 mile tracts into 16 townships each 6 miles square Divide townships into 36 one mile square sections

U.S. Rectangular System

1. 2.

3. 4.

IDEAL Process: Area divided by establishment of Principal Meridians and Baselines Area divided into 24 mile square tracts quadrangle using guide meridians and Standards of Parallel (correction lines) Divide 24 mile tracts into 16 townships each 6 miles square Divide townships into 36 one mile square sections

Easements

1. 2.

3.
4.

Easement is a Legal document which allows someone to do something to and or through your property Types: Access (ingress/egress) Construction Water rights Utility

Easement must Describe

What it is for (purpose) 2. Who between
1.

Must be signed by all whos name appears on deed

3. Width of easement 4. Duration specified number of years or perpetual or life 5. Description of where located
Based on Rectangular system unless subdivision

Description Method for Waterline Easements

A strip 30 feet wide over, under, and across the _____ side of the _____ of the _____ of Section, ___, T__ __, R__ __of the ___ P.M., __________ County, Illinois said strip lying ______ of and adjacent to the _______ right of way line of the existing public road.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Worldwide system of navigation satellites by U.S. Department of Defense Started in 1982 Civil GPS Service (CGS)
Views civil users in 3 groups:
1. Professional 2. Commercial 3. Recreational

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Provides info in 4 categories:
1. 2. 3. 4. Planning information Current status information Historical information Responses to user questions

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Information may be obtained from:
1. DOT/RSPA ATTN DMA 26 Room 8405 Washington, DC 20590 2. Commandant USCG Headquarters G-NRN-2 2100 2nd Street SW Washington, DC 20593

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Information may be obtained from:
3. National Geodetic Survey NOAA; N/CG 142 Rockwall 306 Rockville, Maryland 20852

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Satellites broadcast on 2 bands
L1 modulated with P code (Precise Positioning Service PPS) L2 modulated with C/A code (Standard Positioning Service SPS)

C/A mode intended for general use and capable of providing single point positioning P mode is much more accurate but is reserved for military and government use

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Planning GPS Surveys as important as the sophisticated needed to collect the data Planning Phases:
Presurvey reconnaissance; 2 stations site requirements; 3 connections to existing geodetic control; 4 network design; 5 satellite availability; 6 observing schedule

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Reconnaissance (presurvey)
Important to minimize delays or changes in observing schedule 1. Office planning 1. Obtain station descriptions 2. Prepare control diagrams 2. Preliminary Reconnaissance 1. Determine recoverability of existing control stations 2. Provide sketch showing existing and proposed stations 3. Suitability of existing stations for use by GPS

Global Positioning System (GPS)

1.

2.

Station site Selection (critical factors) Obstructions with elevations greater than 15-20 above horizontal should be avoided Station mark must be suitable for occupation by tripod

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Networks Design 1. Design depends on
1. Surveys order and purpose 2. Number of receivers available 3. Desired spacing between stations

2. It is best to connect at least 3 existing geodetic control stations

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Field Operations 1. Survey team structure determined totally by operation method
1. 2. 3. 4. Numbers depends on: Number of receivers Number and length of observation stations Time spent transporting equipment Logistics and administrative needs

Global Positioning System (GPS)

2.
3. 4.

5.

Transportation Monumentation Power supply Weather

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Total Process: 1. Establish receivers and have all track simultaneously 2. Data cleaned search for ambiguities in data to identify correct integer values 3. All vector solutions are computed

1. 2-3 are accomplished by built in receiver computer

4. Data given by longitude and latitude

New System: NAVSTAR

L2C civil signal added to L2 with P code
Block II RM Satellites Launch 2005-2009

L5 New Frequency more powerful and larger bandwidth

Provides easier signal acquisition and tracking Block IIF Satellites Functional in mid 2013

GPS Field Data Collection Techniques

1. Static minimum 3 receivers
Occupation/session 1-3 hours PDOP < 6 with 4 satellites Occupy 3 stations then move 2, leap frog techniques Occupy for 2-5 minutes, each station must be occupied twice approximately 2 hours apart Can loose satellite lock for short periods PDOP < 5 with 4 satellites

2. Pseudo Static can work with 2 receivers

GPS Field Data Collection Techniques

3. Kinematics 2 or more receivers
Occupy 1-3 minutes Must track same 4 satellites minimum prefer 5 1 rec. at base, rover occupies 1 min. move, occupy 1 min. and at end go back to beginning and repeat Occupation time 1-10 sec PDOP < 6 with 4 satellites

4. Stop and Go Kinematics 2 bases and 1 rover

5. Real Time (RTK) base with radio transmitter and rover with radio receiver
Occupation 1-10 sec. PDOP < 6

Municipal Surveys
1. Control Monuments and Associated Maps
1. Value: used by planners, engineers, architects, utilities, and surveyors

2. Planning Maps 3. Steps of Fieldwork

1. Establish Network of Major Control Mon. 2. Run traverse connecting major control points 3. Run levels and establish BMs along traverse network

Order for project

Monuments: Iron pin with bronze cap in 12 dia PCC and extending min 18 below frost line (min 48) Traverse: 1st order (1:200,000 1:500,000)
Stations generally 1000 1500 apart

Leveling: base on NGS datum

3-wire differential most often used Avoid objects that are not permanent (fire hydrants, power poles, etc.)

Products:
1.

2. 3.

4.

Base Map shows all control station, traverse stations, BMs, Streets, ROW, and Public Property Topo Map City Property Survey (location of all existing monuments) Underground Map (utility map)

Basic Route Survey and Design

1. Concept for Route 2. Reconnaissance Study
1. Small scale mapping of region (1-500 to 1200) 2. Identify Alternative Routes (corridors) 3. Corridor Study 4. Public Hearings on selected corridor

Basic Route Survey and Design

3. Alignment Design
1. 2. 3. 4. Preliminary medium scale mapping of corridor Paper location study Choose desired alignment Field location survey
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Set PIs Measure angle and distance between PIs Choose and design curves Compute alignment Set centerline stations (Hubs at 100 STA. + PC & PT)

5. Modify alignment if needed

Basic Route Survey and Design

4. Roadway Design
1. Supplemental Large Scale Mapping
1. Horizontal mapping 2. Cross section baseline

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Design typical sections Design roadway items Draft plans Compute quantities Prepare specifications

Basic Route Survey and Design

5. Right of way surveys
1. Requires parcel and strip maps
1. 2. 3. 4. Determine ROW widths required Perform property surveys Prepare legal descriptions Stake parcels

Basic Route Survey and Design

6. Construction surveys
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reference PI, PT, PC Slope stake for rough grade Stake drainage and structures Layout roadway items BlueTop for subgrade of final grade Progress measurements and cross sections for pay quantities 7. As built surveys

Sewer Projects
1. Firm under contract 2. Preliminary studies
1. 2. 3. 4. General layout map Buildings located on general layout Treatment site search Preliminary paper layout
1. Make sure every building and potential building site can be served 2. Manhole system placed on general layout

Sewer Projects
5. Preliminary filed work
1. Preliminary profiles
1. 2. 3. 4. BM system established Manholes set Profiles run Basement elevations acquired

2. Design mapping
1. Final plans

3. Treatment area 4. Boundary survey 5. Complete topo of area

Sewer Projects
3. Design process
1. Sewer line design
1. Preliminary profiles drawn
1. Basement elevations plotted

2. Manholes placed on profiles 3. Slope between manholes computed 4. Problem areas alternate service routes selected
1. Manholes set in field 2. Profiles run 3. Revert to 3A

Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant design
1. Topo map prepared 2. Type system verified 3. Treatment system sized based on existing and projected population 4. System designed

3. Plans drafted
1. Sewer plans normally prepared on plan/profile sheets

Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant drawn using plan sheets and cross sections 3. Quantities computed 4. Specifications
1. Written instructions on how every item to be built 2. Include contract documents and bid proposal

4. Bidding procedure
1. Notice of bid advertised on local paper 2. Pre-bid meeting

Sewer Projects
3. Bidding
1. 2. 3. 4. Each contractor submits sealed bid Bids opened and tabulated Engineer reviews proposals Engineer recommends which bid to accept

4. Contract awarded

Sewer Projects
5. Construction
1. Surveying
1. Contractor required to hire surveyor for stakeout 2. Manholes referenced 3. Staking methods
1. Batterboard method 2. Laser method

4. Measurement of quantities

6. As Built

Water distribution systems

1. Put under contract water district formed 2. Preliminary studies
1. 2. 3. 4. General layout prepared Water district signs up users Water source located Waterlines placed on general layout
1. Hydraulic gradient plotted from USGS topo

Water distribution systems

5. Pump station and water storage sites
1. Property acquired by perpetual easement or purchased 2. Boundary survey performed for each site 3. Topo each site

3. Field work
1. Plan preparation
1. Normally photogrammetrically
1. Flight plan sent on general layout 2. Take photos and post measure horizontal control 3. Plan sheets marked on photos using template

Water distribution systems

2. Waterlines placed on plan sheets

2. Crossings and easements

1. Every location where waterline crosses paved road, railroad has to be topo, cross sectioned, and tied to nearest stationing or milepost 2. Crossings plotted and permits applied for railroads, state DOT, township and county roads 3. Easement descriptions prepared

Water distribution systems

4. Final design
1. All waterlines and appurtenances on plans, easements, acquired and in docket form, rock excavation on plans
1. Quantities computed 2. System driven to make sure nothing missed

2. Tanks and P.S.

1. Designed and sized 2. Quantities computed

Water distribution systems

5. Bidding 6. Construction
1. Water distribution system
1. Waterline stakeout
1. Each easement plotted on plans 2. Crossings as permitted staked

2. Quantities

2. Tanks and PS
1. Foundation staked 2. Must be checked for plumb

7. As built

Architectural Projects
1. Firm Under contract 2. Preliminary fieldwork
1. Boundary survey
1. Description provided 2. Fieldwork
1. Monument search, traverse site 2. Compute data and analysis 3. Final stakeout

3. Easement and encroachment search 4. Plat of survey

Architectural Projects
2. Topo grid method most common
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Grid pattern 25 100 BM USGS Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to access Utilities nearest tied in Include all objects above, on or below, ground Prepare topo map Field check map

Architectural Projects
3. Construction
1. Control
1. If large building you may want to establish TBMs on control Mon.

2. Stakeout
1. Convert architects dimensions to engineering 2. Layout clearing and excavation limits 3. Layout underground piping

Architectural Projects
4. 5. 6. 7. Layout footings and foundations Layout building corners and supports Locate roads and parking areas Locate lighting and other project extras

3. As built

Structure and Terrain Movement

Used to monitor:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Movement of buildings ( x, y, and z) Movement of bridges Movement of dams Landslides and earthquakes Amusement park rides

Structure and Terrain Movement

Description error within system must be less than smallest movement to be observed 2 groups of monuments installed
1. Reference or control monuments 2. Deformation or movement monuments

Structure and Terrain Movement

Control generally concrete pillars extending 3-4 feet out of ground with tribrach permanently attached Movement monuments for earthquake or landslide may be similar deep monuments

Structure and Terrain Movement

Equipment:
1. 2. 3. 4. GPS Turned angles Angle/Distance Leveling