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AP200
Dr. C. W. Ong
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Textbook :
Engineering Mechanics, Dynamics,
by Meriam, J.L., Kraige, L.G.,
John Wiley 1997 4th Ed.
Mechanics of Engineering
Materials , by P.R. Benham and
R.J. Crawford, ELBS, 1988
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Assessment method :
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Vector
A vector consists of two things : A
1. Magnitude, represented by a
number A
2. Direction, represented by a ê
unit vector ê A
A =Ae A
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In Cartesian coordination system
A = Aeˆ A
= A(cos α x̂ + sin α yˆ )
= Ax xˆ + Ay yˆ
Y
A
AY
α
X
AX
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Addition of vectors
A = AX i + AY j
B = BX i + BY j
A + B = ( AX + BX )i + ( AY + BY ) j
Y
BY
B A+ B = C
B'
AY Bx
A
A
X
AX
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3-D Cartesian coordination system
Z
ê
A = A eˆ A
A
= A cos α i + A cos β j + A cos γ k γ
β
= AX i + AY j + AZ k α Y
X
A cos θ
B
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Cross product
Result is a new vector
A ×B =C
Definition : A × B = AB sin θ , and
C is ⊥ to the two vectors, with direction
determined by right hand rule.
C
F sinθ
B F
O θ
θ d
A
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Exercise : Show that ( A × B) ⋅ C
is the volume of the parallelepiped
formed by the three vectors
A = AX i + AY j + AZ k A
B
C =C Z k
C Z
B = BY j +BZ k ( A × B) ⋅ C
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Presentation of vector product in
rectangular coordination system
A = AX i + AY j + Az k
B = BX i + BY j + Bz k
Dot product : ( A ⋅ B) = AX BX + AY BY + AZ BZ
Cross product :
i j k
A × B = AX AY AZ
BX BY BZ
= AY BZ i + AX BY k + B X AZ j − B A
X Y k − A B
X Z j − B A
Y Z i
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Fundamental of Mechanics of
Materials
Stress and strain :
A
F
F F F F
F
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Normal stress
σ≡
F
A
[N / m2 ] pascal ( Pa)
δF dF
Normal stress at a point : σ = lim =
δA → 0 δA dA
δF P
F
δA
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Total force F acting on a cross-sectional
area is :
F = ∫ σ dA
A
F F Tensile stress (+)
F F Compressive stress (-)
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Shear stress :
Force F is tangential to the area.
A F
A
Fixed area
F
F
τ≡
Define shear stress :
A
dF
At a local point : τ =
dA
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Normal strain :
A body deformed along the direction of stress. Normal strain is defined to describe the deformation :
x
ε≡
F F
l x
Shear strain : x
Deformation under shear stress is defined as γ ≡
x F
γ
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Elastic modulus
Stress-strain curve Work
Stress hardening
Yield pt. break
Elastic
deformation
o Strain
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Examp dx
le 5mm W
15mm 2kN
o
0.6m 1.2m
Find the total X
extension of
the bar. ✦ The width of a cross-sectional element at x :
x x
W= (5 × 10 −3 m) = ( m)
✦ The stress in this element : 0.6m 120
2 × 10 3
N 2 . 88 × 107
✦
σ =of this element:
The strain
2 2
= 2
Pa
( x / 120) m x
1 .8 1.92 ×10 −4
e = ∫ de = ∫ 2
dx
0 .6 x
= 2.13 x 10-4 m #
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Bulk modulus : K=
δp
− (δV / V )
δp
V + δV
dp
At a local pointlim: δ V → 0 then K = −V
dV
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Poisson's ratio :
For homogeneous isotropic materials
d d + ∆d
F F
x
x
■ normal strain : ε=
lateral strain :
∆d
■
■ Poisson's ratio : εL =
■ value of ν : 0.2 - 0.5 d
ν ≡ −ε L / ε
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Analysis of stress and strain in
Isotropic Materials.
σ x ν σy ν σz
εx = − − ......(*)
E E E
σ y ν σx ν σz
εy = − −
E E E
σ z ν σx ν σy
εz = − −
σz E E E
τ zx τ zy z
τ yz
τ xz σy
y
τ xy τ yx x
σx
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Rewrite (*) by x ⇒ xx, y ⇒yy , z ⇒ zz :
ε xx = (σ xx − ν σyy − ν σzz ) / E
ε yy = (σ yy − ν σzz − ν σxx ) / E
ε zz = (σ zz − ν σxx − ν σyy ) / E
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−E
Exercise : Verify K =
3(1 − 2ν )
Solution
From (*) 1 +ν ν
ε xx = σ xx − (σ xx + σ yy + σ zz )
E E
(1 +ν ) ν
ε yy = σ yy − (σ xx + σ yy + σ zz )
E E
(1 +ν ) ν
ε zz = σ zz − (σ xx + σ yy + σ zz )
E E
(1 − 2ν )
ε xx + ε yy + ε zz = (σ xx + σ yy + σ zz )
E
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For hydrostatic pressure
σ xx = σ yy = σ zz = ∆p
ε xx = ε yy = ε zz = ε (symmetry)
∆r
4 4
π (r − ∆r )3 − π r 3
∆V 3 3
V
=
4 3 r
πr
3
∆r
≅ −3 ( ) = −3ε
r
(1 − 2ν )
=− (3∆p )
E
∆p −E
∴ K ≡− =
∆V / V 3(1 − 2ν )
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Shear stress and strain
Take moment about the z axis, total torque = 0,
so τ xy = τ yx y
τ xy
∆y τ yx
x
z ∆x
γ xy = τ xy / G
γ yz = τ yz / G
γ zx = τ zx / G
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dy dx
Shear deformation is usually defined by : , ,...etc.
∆x ∆y
dy dx
However, pure rotation may cause non-zero and
∆x ∆y
which cannot be used to represent any deformation
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σn
εn =
Example : Show that 2G
Therefore σ yx = σ n σ xy σ n
From definition : γ xy = = = 2ε n σn
G G ∴ε n =
y σ
2G
yx
l σ
σ xy
yx
l L
γ /2 σ xy
σ n
A γ /2 x
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E
Example : Show 1+υ
= 2G
1 +ν ν
ε xx = σ xx − (σ xx + σ yy + σ zz ) (from p.24)
E E -σ
Set σ xx =σ n =-σ yy , n
σ = 0, σ n σ
zz n
ε xx =ε n -σ n
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Example ✦ (i) Here ε x = 0, σ y = 0 and
− 12 × 103 N
The cube of isotropic σz = −3 2
= −3 × 10 7
Pa
material has side 20mm, (20 ×10 m)
E = 60 GPa, ν = 0.3.
✦ Since : 1
ε x = (σ x − υ σy − υ σz )
(i) Find the force exerted by E
1
the restraining walls upon the ∴ 0 = [σ x − 0 − 0.3 × ( −3 × 10 7
)]
block. 60 ×10 9
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