Structure and Function of the Cell

Blood Cells

Sperm Cells

How did we find out about cells?

Robert Hooke in 1665 Described little boxes that looked like the CELLS that monks lived in

8 Years later...
Dutch microscope maker Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living cells in 1673 Also observed some microorganisms

Observations recorded in over 200 letters

Who Discovered the Cell Theory?

Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow

Matthias Schleiden 1838

German Botanist
Concluded that all plants were made of cells

Observed cross sections of stems

Theodore Schwann 1839

German cytologist and physiologist
Concluded that all animals were made up of cells

Rudolf Virchow 1855

All cells come from previously existing cells
Described the human body as a cell state in which each cell is a citizen

The Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells 2. A cell is the smallest unit of life 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Cell Size

Some are tiny (bacteria) and some are long (nerve cells) All are microscopic Largest cells by volume are eggs

Cell Shapes
Different shapes for different functions! Nerve Cells are long to transmit information

Red Blood Cells are shaped like a Frisbee to slip through small openings while still having lots of membrane surface

Muscle Cells are tightly packed to work together

Life Begins with the Cell

Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Organ Systems Tissues Cells Molecules Atoms

Life

Internal Organization
All cells have
A cell membrane DNA Cytoplasm Ribosomes

Only some cells have a nucleus

Prokaryotic -no Eukaryotic -yes you are a eukaryote

Only some cells have organelles, cell components that performs specific functions

Classification of Life is Based on Cell Structure

Prokaryotic Cells
Pro-no no nucleus or membranes around organelles These are bacterial or archaebacterial cells

Bacterial cells have strong protective capsules and compact shapes

Cocci Bacilli Spirochaete

Streptococcus, Bacillus subtilis, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)

Structure of Prokaryotes
Cell wall (also sometimes a capsule) Protection from outside environment Support/stiffness Some have pilli for attachment Cell membrane Regulate what enters/leaves cell

Structure of Prokaryotes
A single DNA strand (genetic material) Ribosomes in cytoplasm make proteins Some have flagella for movement

A Prokaryotic Cell

http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm animation

Bacterial cells on the head of a pin

Ribosomes
Make proteins May be 100s to 1,000s per cell Found in all cells Made only of rRNA and proteins Shaped roughly like a donut

Cytoplasm
A jelly-like material that fills the cell Mostly water Contains molecules, nutrients, organelles Allows particles to meet and mix Sometimes called Cytosol (cell solution)

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus More complex structure with rooms Start at 1,000 times larger than prokaryotes All multicellular organisms are eukaryotes Kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, fungi, and Protista are all eukaryotes

Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus Organelles with their own membranes Cytoskeleton Complex fluid mosaic membrane Much larger size

Chapter 4 Section 2

Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell

Cell Membrane
Isolate the cytoplasm from the environment Regulates what enters and leaves the cell Nutrients in and wastes out Selectively permeable only lets certain things in and out Flexible and changeable fluid mosaic

Phospholipid Bilayer
Membrane has embedded proteins
Peripheral- located on the interior/exterior surface of membrane Integral- are embedded in the membrane
Proteins play a vital role in transporting materials across a membrane!

Membrane Structure
Phospholipids have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions Nonpolar tails (hydrophobic) are directed inward, polar heads (hydrophilic) are directed outward to face both extracellular and intracellular fluid

Nucleus
Contains instructions for making The red circles everything the cell needs are histones This is chromatin, DNA wrapped around (proteins), the proteins DNA wraps
around the histones. The histone DNA combo wraps around itself to eventually form chromosomes!

Nucleus
Is an inner chamber surrounded by its own membrane Pores allow mRNA, signal molecules to enter and leave Nucleolus is a ball of RNA that makes ribosomes

Nucleus

Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell Breaks apart glucose to load ATP molecules with energy Cellular Respiration Some cells have thousands of them A membrane-bound organelle

Mitochondrion

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A system of bubbles and chambers that form and change constantly Act like moveable rooms inside the cell Contain and transport molecules Stays near the nucleus Rough ER-ribosomes Smooth ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus
Also called Golgi complex or Golgi body Made of layers of smooth membranes A cell that does a lot of exporting has many golgi Think of a golgi as the UPS station of the cell

Golgi Apparatus
Stays near the outer cell membrane Packages and processes proteins Accepts the polypeptide from RER Packages/folds it into a final shape Labels it with destination marker Processes it through the cell and releases it as a protein

Golgi Body

Lysosomes
Bubbles of membrane material Have enzymes to break down unwanted materials like wastes and toxins These are like little cell stomachs

The Endomembrane System

NOTE: Endo= internal

Cell animation

Cytoskeleton
Maintains shape and size of cell

Cytoskeleton
Made from stiff molecules which work together for internal and external cell movement Microfilaments made of actin protein Microtubules made of tubulin protein

Cytoskeleton

Only animal cells have an extensive cytoskeleton.

Cilia and Flagella

Hair-like structures on the outside of a cell Function is movement Cilia are like many small oars Flagella are like whips, one or few Both are extensions of the cytoskeleton

Cilia and Flagella

cilia flagellum

Centrioles
Consist of 2 short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are situated in the cytoplasm near the nnuclear env. Found in animal cells; organize microtubules of the cytoskeleton during cell division

Prokaryotic Cells
Cell membrane Cell wall/capsule Cytoplasm DNA in a loop Ribosomes Very small

Complex cell membrane with proteins No cell wall Cytoplasm DNA as chromatin, inside nucleus Ribosomes Membrane-bound organelles like ER, Golgi, mitochondria Cytoskeleton 1,000s times larger

Animal Cells

You will need to know all these parts!

How Plants Cells Differ from Animal Cells

They also have a cell wall large vacuole plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts) Plant cells lack Cilia, Flagella Fully developed cytoskeleton

Plant Cell Walls

Made from cellulose Outside of the cell membrane Acts as support

Vacuoles
Large sac that takes up the majority of a plant cell Stores water May store poisons and wastes as well

Turgor Pressure
Pressure of a full vacuole against cell wall Holds plant up Wilting is loss of turgor pressure

Plastids
Double membrane organelles that can store starch or fat Most common plastid is the chloroplast Organelle that conducts photosynthesis Numerous in some cells and absent in others

Chloroplasts
Use light energy to make carbs from CO2 and water Contains a system of flattened memb. Sacs (thylakoids) Thylakoids contain green pigment (chlorophyll) which absorbs light and captures light energy for the cell Granum stack of thylakoids

Chloroplast

Lysosome

Animal vs Plant Cells

Organelle Function Cytoskeleton Support, Animal Plant
Yes
Yes No movement Cilia/flagella Movement Support Cell wall

Yes, but No
Yes Yes Yes

Plastids Central vacuole

Photosynth No esis; storage Storage, No support

Chapter 4 Sect 3

Multicellular Organization

Colonial Organization
Unicellular organisms may have begun to live in temporary groups or colonies Some cells in the colonies have specialized in performing certain functions Colonial organisms are a collection of genetically identical cells that live in a closely connected group

One volvox can contain 500-60,000 cells, each which maintain their own existence!