WORLD DEVELOPMENT AND INTERDEPENDENCE

IGCSE SECONDARY 5 Chapter 11: New Wider World

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?
The level of economic growth of a country or region and the process of change taking place within it.

An incident that causes a situation to change or progress. It is the process of changing and becoming larger, stronger, or more impressive, successful, or advanced, or of causing somebody or something to change.

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
MEDCs
More Economically Developed Countries Countries that have high income, which include the richer, more industrialized countries of the so-called developed North Ex: 1. Japan, 2. USA, 3. Italy, 4. UK and 5. Germany

LEDCs

Less Economically Developed Countries Countries that tend to have a low income, which include the poorer, less industrialized countries of the so-called developing South. Ex: 1. Ethiopia, 2. Kenya 3. Mexico, 4. Chile, 5. Argentina, 6. Brazil, 7. India, and 8. Bangladesh

NEW INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES (NIC)

New Industrialized Countries (NICs) Countries, mainly in the Pacific Rim of Asia, that have undergone rapid and successful industrialization since the early 1980s.

Ex: 1. Singapore, 2. Taiwan, 3. Malaysia, 4. South Korea and 5. Thailand

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT
1. ECONOMIC WEALTH The wealth of a country is measured by its GNP per capita. a) GNP per capita (Gross National Product per person) The GNP per capita is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, divided by the total number of people living in that country.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT
2. SOCIAL INDICATORS
Population Birth rate - to the number of live births per 1000 people per year. Death rate - refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. Natural increase - can be calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate. Health Infant mortality Life expectancy Population per Doctor

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT
OTHER INDICATORS i. Literacy (Education)

ii. Nutrition
iii. Employment iv. Energy Consumption

INEQUALITIES IN WORLD DEVELOPMENT

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)

Three variables measured by HDI

1. LIFE EXPECTANCY (Health) is regarded by the UN as the best measure of the health and safety of a country.

2. EDUCATION ATTAINMENT (Education) is obtained by combining adult literacy rates and the primary, secondary and tertiary student enrolment rate.
3. REAL GNP PER CAPITA (Standard of living)

INEQUALITIES IN WORLD DEVELOPMENT

The HDI can: 1. Measure difference within a country (unlike GNP) as well as between countries 2. Highlight where poverty is worst, both within a country and between countries 3. Act as a measure to show how far a country has developed and whether there are improvements in its level and rate of development 4. Help a country to set targets that can lead to improvements in the quality of life and its citizens, e.g. better health care to improve life expectancy and better education to improve literacy rate.

INEQUALITIES IN WORLD DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMIC CAUSES OF INEQUALITY POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL

*Each groups will explain and analyze each causes of inequality

INEQUALITIES IN WORLD DEVELOPMENT

Higher birth rates and infant mortality, a greater natural increase in population, a higher proportion of their population aged under 15, and a shorter life expectancy Poor education facilities (lower level of literacy, less time spent at school), poorer health care (fewer hospitals and doctors per size of population), a poorer diet and a poorer provision of services (less energy/electricity available. unreliable or polluted water supplies, limited transport provision)

More jobs in the primary and informal sectors and fewer in the secondary, tertiary and formal sectors

Less purchasing power per capita

A smaller volume of trade, likely trade deficit and a need to seek aid

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a way of improving peoples standard of living and quality of life without wasting resources or harming the environment.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1. Quality of life - peoples satisfaction of their way of life and their environment 2. Standard of living - peoples level of material comfort and economically uplifted

WORLD TRADE AND INTERDEPENDENCE 1. Interdependence refers to the reliance of a country, especially in terms
of trade and aid, on other countries in the global economy. 2. Exports goods and products sold or transported abroad by one country for sale or exchange to other countries. 3. Imports goods, products or something brought in by a country from another country usually for commercial or industrial purposes. 4. Free trade Free trade is when government neither restrict nor encourage trade. It is known as unrestricted trade, international trade that is not subject to protective regulations or tariffs intended to restrict foreign imports. 5. Tariffs are taxes or customs duties paid on imports. It is a duty levied by a government on imported or exported goods.

6. Quotas refers to the maximum amount or quantity of goods permitted that can be imported.

AID
Aid is the giving of resources by one country, or an organization (known as the donor), to another country (the recipient).
MONEY (i. e. Grant /Loan) Goods, foods, machinery or technology (short term relief / long term benefit) People / Human resource (i.e. skills and education, teachers, nurses and engineers)

AID
Reasons of LEDCs require for aid: i. Trade deficit ii. Improvement of basic amenities iii. Promotion of sustainable development iv. Impact of natural disasters

v. Impact of internal and external conflict

AID
The advantages of aid to a recipient country:
Short-term aid can include

1. 2. 3. 4.

Food Clothing Shelter Medical supplies

AID
The advantages of aid to a recipient country:

Long-term aid can include

Improvement of education

Improvement of health standard

Improvement of growing higher-yielding crops

AID
The disadvantages of aid to a recipient country: a) Uneven distribution of aid that rarely reached the poorest people (i.e. living in rural areas) b) The occurrence of inefficiency and corruption (by officials especially those in the urban areas) c) Increased countries debt d) Dependency (LEDCs to MEDCs)