CHAPTER 5 : DISLOCATION & METAL STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS

TOPIC

1) INTRODUCTION 2) ELASTIC & PLASTIC DEFORMATION 3) SLIP & TWINNING 4) STRAIN HARDENING

INTRODUCTION

Deformation :
Changing of shape of metal under the action of force Give desired shape

Deformed metals more superior than cast metal Operation of deformation rolling, forging, spinning. Materials may experience 2 kinds of deformation :

Elastic deformation

ELASTIC & PLASTIC DEFORMATION

Elastic Deformation
Defined as process of deformation which appears & disappears with the application & removal of stress At the beginning of the deformation progress

Plastic Deformation
Defined as process of permanent deformation &exist after removal of stress Takes place after elastic deformation has stopped

a) Original state b) Elastic deformation with vertical force applied c) Elastic deformation with diagonal force applied d) The beginning of plastic deformation upon a slip plane

Modes of Plastic Deformation

There are 2 basic modes : 1) slip 2) twinning

Slip
Due to sliding of atomic planes over the others
Crystal orientation above & below slip plans is the same after deformation Atomic movements are over large distance. Require lower stress for atomic movement Occurs on widely spaced planes

Twinning
Due to change of orientation of a crystal with other
Twinned portion is the mirror image of the original lattice Atomic movements are over a fraction of atomic space. Require higher stress for atomic movements Occurs on every atomic planes involved in twinned region

STRAIN HARDENING

Defined as process deforming ductile metal to become stronger & harder. Also called work hardening or cold working. Deformation takes place at temperature that is cold relative to melting temperature.

Below its recrystallization temperature.

Certain amount of work done is stored internally in form of strain energy The energy produces internal stress

During cold working :

Can lead to cracking

Relieve metal from internal stress by annealing metal is heated (below melting temperature) Metal loses its stored energy come back to strain free condition

- metal losses its stored energy in 3 stages :

o
o o

Recovery Recrystallization Grain growth

Recovery Defined as process of removing internal stress in metal by heating it to a relatively low temperature (below melting temperature) Remove internal stress
not affect grain structure - hardness & strength Increase ductility
Does

During

cold working :
pile up at grain boundary

Dislocation

During

recovery :
number starts reducing & rearrange

Dislocation

Recrystalization

Defined as : Process of forming a new set of strain free grains in metal by heating it to a temperature known as recrystallization temperature. The new strain free & equiaxed grains: Have low dislocation density Characteristics of precold-worked condition Driving force : The difference in internal energy between strained & unstrained material New grains form as very small nuclei & grow to replace parent material Involved short range diffusion Take place through 3 process : nucleation Primary grain growth Secondary grain growth

Grain Growth Defined as process of forming strain-free grains larger in size by heating a metal to a temperature above recrystallization temperature. Recrystallization produces :
Strain-free

new grain smaller in size but of equal shape

Grain will continue to grow if temperature is increased

Grain

growth does not need to be preceded by recovery & recrystallization May occur in all polycrystalline material (metal& ceramic)

Growth rate rapid & becomes slow when temp increased

Reducing grain boundary area

Reduction

in total energy Grains becomes stable Driving force for grain growth