PROSES PEMISAHAN I

CHE232

Nani Indraswati
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TEXTBOOKS

C.J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Separation Principles, 4th ed., 2003 McCabe, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th ed., 2005

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OUTLINE

General separation processes Humidification Drying Evaporation Crystallization Membrane processes

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GENERAL SEPARATION PROCESSES

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INTRODUCTION

Many chemical & biological substances occur as mixtures of different components in the gas, liquid or solid phase To separate one or more of the components from the mixture contacted with another phase solute(s) diffuse between phases
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INTRODUCTION

The 2 phases : Gas - liquid Gas - solid Liquid liquid (immiscible) Liquid - solid The solute redistribute themselves between the 2 phases
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INTRODUCTION

The products differ in composition and may differ in phase.

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INTRODUCTION

In most instances, the separation is not perfect If the feed contains > 2 specie 2 or more separation operations may be required.

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INTRODUCTION

Separation processes are used for 3 primary functions

Purification Concentration Fractionation.

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INTRODUCTION

Purification

the removal of undesired components in a feed mixture from the desired species. Example: acid gases, such as SO2 and nitrogen oxides, must be removed from power-plant combustion gas effluents before they are discharged into the atmosphere

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INTRODUCTION

Concentration

to obtain a higher concentration of desired components that are initially dilute in a feed stream. Example: the concentration of metals present in an electroplating process by removal of water allows metals to be recycled back to the electroplating process rather than discharged to the environment
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INTRODUCTION

Fractionation

a feed stream of 2 or more components is segregated into product streams of different components, typically relatively pure streams of each component. Example: The separation of radioactive wastes with short half-lives from those having much longer half-lives facilitates proper handling and storage.
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INTRODUCTION
Feed(s)

Processes
(chemical, physical or biological Unit operation Unit operation Unit operation

Product 1

Product 2
Product 3 Product 4
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Unit operation
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Unit operation

Unit operation

INTRODUCTION
The concept of a unit operation Based on the same design criteria and general analysis scientific principles regardless of the species and quantities to be processes Allows us to scale-up or scale-down a process based upon results obtained on a different-size piece of equipment
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INTRODUCTION

Laboratory scale bench or pilot-scale equipment using the results for the design of the full-scale process In separations, a unit operation is any process that uses the same separation mechanism

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INTRODUCTION
Unit operations Examples Distillation used to purify or separate

alcohol in the beverage industry hydrocarbons in petroleum industry

Drying

Drying of grains or other foods Drying of lumber, filtered precipitates, wool

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INTRODUCTION

Absorption

Absorption of O2 from air in a fermentation process or in a sewage treatment plant Absorption of H2 in oil hydrogenation process Evaporation of salt in the chemical industry Evaporation of sugar solution or fruit juices in the food industry
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Evaporation

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INTRODUCTION

Settling and sedimentation of suspended solids

In the sewage treatment plant In the mining industry Flow of liquid hydrocarbons in the petroleum refinery Flow of milk in a dairy plant
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Liquid flow

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BASIC SEPARATION METHODS

Separation by phase creation Separation by phase addition Separation by solid agent Separation by barrier Separation by force field or gradient
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SEPARATION BY PHASE CREATION

creates a second phase (immiscible with the feed phase) by : 1. Energy (heat) transfer or 2. Pressure reduction.
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SEPARATION BY PHASE CREATION

Energy or pressure reduction Examples: Evaporation Distillation Drying
Phase 1 Phase 2
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Feed
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Separation device

SEPARATION BY PHASE ADDITION

Mass Separating Agent (MSA)

Feed

Phase 1 Separation device Phase 2

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SEPARATION BY PHASE ADDITION

Examples: Absorption / Stripping Humidification/dehumi Mass Separating dification Agent Extraction (MSA) Leaching Phase 1 Feed Separation

device
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Phase 2
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SEPARATION BY PHASE ADDITION

Disadvantages of using an MSA are need for an additional separator to recover the MSA for recycle need for MSA makeup possible MSA product contamination more difficult design procedures

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SEPARATION BY PHASE ADDITION OR CREATION

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SEPARATION BY PHASE ADDITION OR CREATION

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SEPARATION BY PHASE ADDITION OR CREATION

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SEPARATION BY PHASE ADDITION OR CREATION

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SEPARATION BY SOLID AGENT

Feed Phase 1

Solid

Examples Adsorption Ion exchange

Phase 2
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SEPARATION BY SOLID AGENT

Based on differences in species adsorbability Most commonly, the solid agent = porous particles high surface area

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SEPARATION BY SOLID AGENT

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SEPARATION BY BARRIER
Phase 1
Feed
Barrier

Phase 2

Example Membrane processing

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SEPARATION BY BARRIER

The barrier is usually a polymer membrane Feed: gas or liquid Based on: differences in species permeabilities through the barrier

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MEMBRANE PROCESSING

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SEPARATION BY BARRIER

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Separation by force field or gradient

Phase 1 Feed
Force field or gradient

Phase 2
Use external fields (centrifugal, thermal, electrical, etc.)
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Separation by force field or gradient

Examples Centrifugation Electrophoresis: for separating proteins based on differences in electric charge and diffusivity

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ABSORPTION
Gas phase
B B B A A B B

Liquid phase
C C

B
A B B

C
C C C A

C A C C C A C C C C A

A C

Solute A Gas B Liquid C

C

B
A

B
B

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interface

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DESORPTION / STRIPPING
Gas phase
B B B A B A A B A B B B B B B C C C A C C B B B

Liquid phase
C C C C A C C C A C C A C

A
C C

Solute A Gas B Liquid C

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interface

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HUMIDIFICATION
Gas phase
B B C B C C B B C B B

Liquid phase
C C C C C C

B
C B B

C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

Gas B

Liquid C vapor C
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interface
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DEHUMIDIFICATION
Gas phase
B C B B B B C B C B B B

Liquid phase
C C C C C C C

B C

C
B B B B

C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
C

Gas B (inert)

Vapor C liquid C

interface
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DISTILLATION
Vapor phase Liquid phase
C C C B B C B C B C C C C B B B B C B C C B C B B B B C B C C B B B C C B B C B B C C C B B C BC B B B B C B B C C C C B B B B C B C C C B B
C
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C C C C C C C C C C

The vapor phase is richer in B ( the more volatile species)

The liquid phase is richer in C ( the less volatile species)
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interface

LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
Liquid phase 1
B A B B B A B B A B B B B C A C C C C A C C A A C C C C C A C C C C C A C

Liquid phase 2

Solute A Liquid B Liquid C

B
B B A B

A
B

interface
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Example antibiotics in aqueous fermentation solution removed with an organic solvent

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LEACHING
Solute Solid Solvent

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MEMBRANE PROCESSING
Phase 1
B B C B C B C B C B B C B B B B B B

Phase 2
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

membrane
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CRYSTALLIZATION
Solute crystal Solvent

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ADSORPTION
Solute / adsorbate solvent
Porous solid / adsorbent

Solid adsorbent

Surface area

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Example Feasibility of a separation method

Explain why the operation will or will not be successful. 1. Separation of air into oxygen-rich and nitrogen-rich products by distillation 2. Separation of m-xylene from p-xylene by distillation 3. Separation of penicillin from water in a fermentation broth by evaporation of the water.

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1. Separation of air into oxygen-rich and nitrogen-rich products

The normal boiling points of O2 (183C) and N2 (195.8C) are sufficiently different that they can be separated by distillation, but elevated pressure and cryogenic temperatures are required. At moderate to low production rates, they are usually separated at lower cost by either adsorption or gas permeation through a membrane
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2. Separation of m-xylene from pxylene

The normal boiling points of m-xylene (139.3C) ~ p-xylene (138.5C) separation by distillation is impractical. Widely different melting points (47.4C for mxylene and 13.2C for p-xylene) separation by crystallization

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3. Separation of penicillin from water in a fermentation broth

Penicillin: melting point of 97C & decomposes before reaching the normal boiling point can penicillin isolated from water by evaporation of the water? Penicillin and most other antibiotics are heatsensitive must be maintained at room temperature Water evaporation at room temperature needs high vacuum impractical A practical separation method is liquidliquid extraction of the penicillin with n-butyl acetate or namyl acetate.
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