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Simply referred to as Diabetes A metabolic disease in which a person has high blood sugar that may be due to two main causes:
The body DOES NOT produce insulin (Type 1) There is INSULIN RESISTANCE wherein the cells of the body does not respond to the insulin that is produced (Type 2)
Type 1 DM
INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS
In Asia
Cases of babies born in Asia with Type 1 DM has tripled in the past 20 years (Trade Arabia, 03/08/12)
In 1993, 8 out of 100,000 babies are born with Type 1 DM At present time, 25 out of 100,000 babies are born with Type 1 DM
GANGRENOUS FOOT
History
230 BC- the term diabetes or to pass through was first used by the Greek Appollonius of Memphis Indian Physician - Sushruta and Charaka in 400-500 AD with type 1 associated with youth and type 2 with being overweight Indian physicians madhumeha or honey urine
History
1500BCE Egyptian manuscript mentioning (too great emptying of the urine) 1921- Insulin became available The term "mellitus" or "from honey" was added by the Briton John Rolle in the late 1700s to separate the condition from diabetes insipidus, which is also associated with frequent urination
History
early part of the 20th century, when Canadians Frederick Banting and Charles Herbert Best developed insulin in 1921 and 1922
DM Type 2
lack of sensitivity to insulin by the cells of the body increase in insulin resistance insulin released by the pancreas may also be defective and suboptimal
DM Type 2
Steady decline in beta cell production of insulin Liver continues to produce glucose despite elevated glucose level Early stage, reduced insulin sensitivity Defects in insulin receptor
Incidence
occurs mostly in individuals over 30 years old and the incidence increases with age Regarding age, data shows that for each decade after 40 years of age regardless of weight there is an increase in incidence of diabetes
Prevalence
prevalence of diabetes in persons 65 years of age and older is around 27%
Prevalence Rate
Ethnic Group non-Hispanic Caucasians Asian Americans Hispanics Blacks Native American Women More Common 7% 8% 12% 13% 20% to 50% Occurs more frequently (Gestational Pregnancy)
Cause of DM Type 2
direct result of poor eating habits, higher body weight, and lack of exercise Obesity (direct relationship) strong genetic component to developing DM type 2 (children and adult) The chance of developing DM type 2 doubles for every 20% increase over desirable body weight
Cause of DM Type 2
Hormonal Disturbance
Acromegaly increase growth hormone leading to hyperglycemia Cushing Syndrome increase cortisol increase blood sugar elevation
4 Classic Signs of DM
Polyuria (frequent urination) Polydipsia (increased thirst) Polyphagia (increased hunger) Weight Loss
Later Symptoms of DM
Anorexia Lethargy and depression Vomiting and/or diarrhoea Muscle wastage along the back in cats Oily coat with dandruff in cats
Indonesia
14,026,643
238,452,9522
Laos
356,948
6,068,1172
Malaysia
1,383,675
23,522,4822
Philippine s
Singapore Thailand
5,073,040
86,241,6972
256,111
4,353,8932
3,815,618
64,865,5232
Vietnam
4,862,517
82,662,8002
Diagnostic Test
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Inci and preva (mortali and morbi) Natural history 4 stages additional
Body habitus
Ketoacidosis Autoantibodies
Thin or normal
Common Usually present
Often obese
Rare Absent Normal, decreased or increased
Endogenous insulin
Low or absent
50%
90%
Prevalence
~10%
~90%