BASICS

R C C

OF

We will discuss: Few

definitions, Basics of BM & SF diagramme Methods of designing,

Why RCC ?

Concrete WEEK in Tension. Cant take BENDING STRESSES, Cant take TORTIONAL STRESSES, Different shapes and design requirements, For higher loads,

Different type of loadings

AXIAL SHEAR BENDING TORSION

AXIAL LOAD

Perpendicular force per unit area applied to an object, in a way that compresses (compressive stress) or stretches (tensile stress)

AXIAL LOAD
The change in length divided by the original length, is called the strain. The ratio of stress to strain is a constant defined to be the elastic modulus of the material.

AXIAL LOAD
ELASTIC LIMIT: Limit upto which the strain varies linearly with stress, Elastic modulus E = Stress/ Strain

Stress Strain

Definitions:

Stress:- When an external load is applied to a member, internal resistance is set up by the material. This resistance is called STRESS. Stress is the load per unit area. Stress= Load / Area = W/A Unit= N/mm2

Stress may be Compressive, Tensile, Bending and shear.

STRAIN:- When the load is applied in a member, its shape is altered. This alteration in member is called Strain. Change in Length Strain= Original Length
Unit =

mm
mm

= 1 or Number

Therefore strain is a number having no unit

SHEAR LOAD

FORCE IS APPLIED SUCH THAT THE MATERIAL IS SHEARED OR TWISTED.

SHEAR MODULUS
Shear modulus s = Shear stress/ Shear strain

SHEAR LOAD VS AXIAL LOAD

Shear

stress is a stress state where the stress is parallel or tangential to a face of the material, as opposed to axial stress when the stress is perpendicular to the face.

SHEAR LOAD IN CONNECTORS

SINGLE SHEAR DOUBLE SHEAR

BENDING LOAD

TRIES TO BEND THE MEMBER IN ONE OF THE TWO AXIS OF THE SECTION OF THE MEMBER

SIMPLE BENDING
A straight bar of homogeneous material is subject to only a moment at one end and an equal and opposite moment at the other end.

SIMPLE BENDING
Strain=y/R, Stress = strain * E /E=y/R Tensile stress is directly related to the distance above the neutral axis. Compressive stress is also directly related to the distance below the neutral axis. (Assuming E is the same for compression and tension)

LOAD ON BEAMS

Beam is analyzed for bending and shear stresses at various locations. Sections to be provided as per stresses

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

The unknown forces (generally the support reactions) are then determined using the equations for plane static equilibrium.

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

Summing the moments about R1 to zero, R2. L - W.a = 0 Therefore R2 = W.a / L W - R1 - R2 = 0 Therefore R1 = W - R2

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

The shear force diagram indicates the shear force withstood by the beam section along the length of the beam. The bending moment diagram indicates the bending moment withstood by the beam section along the length of the beam.

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

Sign Convention- Example

EFFECT OF LOAD ON BEAM

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

simply supported beam with one concentrated force.

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

simply support beam with uniformly distributed force.

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

Cantilever beams with three different load combinations.

DEFLECTION
CANTILEVER BEAM

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

For the beam shown below (with the deflection of the midplane shown in red), the internal bending moment at X=L/4 is:
positive negative zero

CONTINUOUS BEAMS

The problem is indeterminate

Cannot be resolved by free body diagram Techniques to be used for finding out the forces and moments

CONTINUOUS BEAMS

Techniques required

Moment distribution Slope deflection Three moments theorem, etc..

Superposition of loads possible

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

fixed support beam with uniformly distributed force.

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

continuous beam with concentrated forces

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

continuous beam with concentrated forces.

Simple design

Reinforcing steel and concrete behaves monolithically. Modulus of elasticity are different, Ratio is known as Modular ratio. For all practical purposes this is taken as per IS:456, based on grade of concrete, as below:Gr. of Conc. M10 M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40

31

18

13

11

Different Loadings

Dead load:- to be calculated @ 24000N/m3. Live load:Location LL in Kg/m2

Floor in houses
Office floors Banks etc Shop floors, places of assembly Ware houses, storages etc Stairs, landing etc Roofs accessible Roofs not accessible

200
250-400 300 400 500 300 150 75

Calculating stresses in steel and concrete

Composite member subjected to bending: Assume a 30x30cm RCC member R/f = 12.57cm2 of steel, supports and axial compressive load of 400KN. Area A =30x30=900cm2 Ac=900-12.57=887.43cm2 Equ conc areaAe=Ac+m.As = 887.43+18x12.57=1113.69cm2 Compressive load W= 440Kn=440000N Stress in conc fc = W/Ae =440000/1113.69=395.1N/cm2 Sress in steel fs = m.fc = 18x395.1 = 7111.8N/cm2

Methods of designing,
Working

stress method, Ultimate load method, Limit state method.

Working stress method

In this method permissible or working stresses in concrete and steel are based on factor of safety. This FOS is about 3 for concrete and 1.8 for steel. The modular ratio concept is used in this method.

MODULAR RATIO:-

This is the ratio of elastic moduli of steel and concrete. As per IS:456 m is calculated as:m=280/3cbc (cbc is permissible compressive stress in concrete in bending) For approximation it depends only on grade of concrete.

MODULAR RATIO
Grade of concrete M15 M20 M25 M30 m 18.66 13.33 10.98 9.33

Fundamental assumption in design:

Plane section will remain plain after bending also at any X-section. All tensile stresses taken by steel and compressive stresses by concrete. Strain-stress relationship is straight line i.e. only elastic deformation is there. Modular ratio m is as per IS:456. There is no slip in between steel and concrete.

Ultimate load method

In this method inelastic or plastic behavior of concrete and steel are considered. The loads are multiplied by a FOS also known as load factor, to arrive the ultimate loads. The ultimate stresses in concrete and steel are real known values. This method is used to check the structure for ultimate load carrying capacity after designing by working stress method to give idea of real FOS of the structure.

LIMIT STATE METHOD

Limit state method gives a new approach of statistical probability. A structure at failure may reach a limit state, due to coincidental occurrence of both overload and excessive weakening of material at a critical section. Limit state may be defined as The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability of the structure before failure occurs.

The two limit states are:1)

Limit state of collapse:

Flexural (bending), Shear, Torsion. Deflection, Cracking.

2)

Limit state of serviceability:

Design by Limit state method:

Following points may be considered in the designing:

Factored load:- Service loads are to be multiplied by 1.5 to get the factored load, Balanced section:- In limit state design, the section are either balanced or under reinforced section. No over reinforced section are permitted, Deflection check:- Both short term and long term deflection to be checked if depth of member is kept less then that of span/depth ratio consideration.

QUICK DESIGN METHODS WITH THE HELP OF DESIGN AIDS To IS:456 SP-16

TERMINOLOGY: Xu= depth of neutral axis, d = Effective depth of member, fy = yield strength of steel, pt = Tensile force, Mu = Moment of resistance,

Values of xu,max/d for different grades of steel (Table B)

fy (N/mm2) 250 415 500

xu,max/d

0.531

0.479

0.456

Limiting moment of resistance and reinforcement index for singly reinforced rectangular section (Table C)

fy (N/mm2)
Mu,lim/fck bd2

250
0.149

415
0.138

500
0.133

Pt,lim.fy/fck

21.97

19.82

18.87

Limiting moment of resistance factor (Table D)

bd2 ,N/mm2 for singly reinforced rectangular section

fck (N/mm2)
250

Mu,lim/fck

fy
415

(N/mm2)
500

15
20 25 30

2.24
2.98 3.73 4.47

2.07
2.76 3.45 4.14

2.00
2.66 3.33 3.99

Maximum percentage of tensile reinforcement Pt,lim for singly reinforced rectangular section (Table E)
fck (N/mm2)
250 15 20 25 30 1.32 1.76 2.20 2.64

fy
415 0.72 0.96 1.19 1.43

(N/mm2)
500 0.57 0.76 0.94 1.13

INTRODUCTION TO CHARTS

For referring charts, we need values of moment per meter width i.e. (Mu/b) and effective depth of the member d. Charts are available for different grade of concrete and steel to find reinforcement percentage 100As/bd .

CHART FOR SINGLY R/F SECTION

fy=500 fck = 20

To design flexural member with the help of chart following is the method: EXAMPLE

FOR SINGLY R/F BEAM:-

Determine

the tension R/f for a rectangular beam section with following data: Size

of beam - 30x60 cm Concrete mix M15 Characteristic strength of steel 415 N/mm2 Factored moment 170 kN.m

SOLUTION:

Assuming 25mm dia bars with 25 mm clear cover:Effective depth d = 60-2.5-2.5/2 =56.25cm. From table D For fy=415, fck=15 N/mm2 Mu,lim/bd2 = 2.07 N/mm2 = 2.07x103 N/mm2 Mu,lim = 2.07x103 x30/100x(56.25/100)2 =196.5 kN.m

Method of referring to charts:

For referring to charts we need value of moment per meter width Mu/b.
= 170/0.3=567 kN.m per m width. Referring to chart 6 corresponding to Mu/b = 567 and d= 56.25cm percentage of steel pt = 100As/bd = 0.6 As= 1.6bd/100 = 0.6x30x56.25/100 = 10.1 cm2

Chart no. 6

Method of referring to tables:

For referring to tables we need value of Mu/bd2 = 170x106

30x56.25x56.25x103 = 1.79N/mm2 From table -1 pt = 0.594 As=1.594x30x56.25/100=10.02 cm2

Table - 1