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Suppression of details of data organization and storage Highlighting of the essential features for an improved understanding of data
Collection of concepts that describe the structure of a database Provides means to achieve data abstraction Basic operations
Specify retrievals and updates on the database
Close to the way many users perceive data Describe the details of how data is stored on computer storage media
Easily understood by end users Also similar to how data organized in computer storage
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Attribute
New family of higher-level implementation data models Closer to conceptual data models
Index
Example of an access path Allows direct access to data using an index term or a keyword
Description of a database Displays selected aspects of schema Each object in the schema
Schema diagram
Schema construct
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Specify database schema to the DBMS Populated or loaded with the initial data Satisfies the structure and constraints specified in the schema
Initial state
Valid state
The database schema changes very infrequently. The database state changes every time the database is updated.
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Describes physical storage structure of the database Describes structure of the whole database for a community of users Describes part of the database that a particular user group is interested in
Conceptual level
Data Independence
Capacity to change the schema at one level of a database system
Types:
Logical Physical
Data Independence
Logical Data Independence:
The capacity to change the conceptual schema without having to change the external schemas and their associated application programs.
The capacity to change the internal schema without having to change the conceptual schema. For example, the internal schema may be changed when certain file structures are reorganized or new indexes are created to improve database performance Slide 2- 17
DBMS Languages
Data definition language (DDL)
Can be used on its own to specify complex database operations concisely Set-at-a-time or set-oriented
DBMS Interfaces
Menu-based interfaces for Web clients or browsing Forms-based interfaces Graphical user interfaces Natural language interfaces Speech input and output Interfaces for parametric users Interfaces for the DBA
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Embedded Approach: e.g embedded SQL (for C, C++, etc.), SQLJ (for Java) Procedure Call Approach: e.g. JDBC for Java, ODBC for other programming languages Database Programming Language Approach: e.g. ORACLE has PL/SQL, a programming language based on SQL; language incorporates SQL and its data types as integral components Slide 2- 21
Menu-based, popular for browsing on the web Forms-based, designed for nave users Graphics-based
(Point and Click, Drag and Drop, etc.)
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Speech as Input and Output Web Browser as an interface Parametric interfaces, e.g., bank tellers using function keys. Interfaces for the DBA:
Creating user accounts, granting authorizations Setting system parameters Changing schemas or access paths
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Buffer management Stored data manager DDL compiler Interactive query interface
Query compiler Query optimizer
Precompiler
Runtime database processor System catalog Concurrency control system Backup and recovery system
Backup
Reorganize a set of database files into different file organizations Monitors database usage and provides statistics to the DBA
Performance monitoring
Stores design decisions, usage standards, application program descriptions, and user information
All DBMS functionality, application program execution, and user interface processing carried out on one machine
File server
Maintains the files of the client machines.
Printer server
Connected to various printers; all print requests by the clients are forwarded to this machine
User machine that provides user interface capabilities and local processing
Server
System containing both hardware and software Provides services to the client machines
Such as file access, printing, archiving, or database access
Query and transaction functionality related to SQL processing User interface programs and application programs
Client handles
Provides application programming interface (API) Allows client-side programs to call the DBMS
Both client and server machines must have the necessary software installed
JDBC
Allows Java client programs to access one or more DBMSs through a standard interface
Adds intermediate layer between client and the database server Runs application programs and stores business rules
N-tier
Divide the layers between the user and the stored data further into finer components
Number of users
Single-user Multiuser
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Centralized Distributed
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Cost
Summary
Concepts used in database systems Main categories of data models Types of languages supported by DMBSs Interfaces provided by the DBMS DBMS classification criteria: