PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

BRIDGES

SAAGAR L. BHATIA 050901001

 BRIDGE
 A bridge is a structure built to span a valley, road, body of water, or
other physical obstacle, for the purpose of providing passage over
the obstacle. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of
the bridge and the nature of the terrain where the bridge is
constructed.
 Types of bridges
 There are six main types of bridges: 
 beam bridges, 

 cantilever bridges, 

 arch bridges, 

 suspension bridges, 

 cable-stayed bridges 

 truss bridges.
FORCES
 Bridges may be classified by how the forces of 
tension, compression, bending, torsion and shear are distributed
through their structure. Most bridges will employ all of the
principal forces to some degree, but only a few will predominate.
The separation of forces may be quite clear. In a suspension or
cable-stayed span, the elements in tension are distinct in shape
and placement. In other cases the forces may be distributed
among a large number of members, as in a truss, or not clearly
discernible to a casual observer as in a box beam.

 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
 Prestressed concrete is a method for
overcoming the concrete's natural weakness
in tension. It can be used to
produce beams, floors or bridges with a
longer span than is practical with ordinary
reinforced concrete. Prestressing tendons
(generally of high tensile steel cable or rods)
are used to provide a clamping load which
produces a compressive stress that offsets
the tensile stress that the
concrete compression member would
otherwise experience due to a bending load.
Traditional reinforced concrete is based on
the use of steel reinforcement bars, rebar's,
inside poured concrete.
 PRECAST CONCRETE
 Precast concrete is a form of construction, where concrete is cast in a
reusable mould or "form" which is then cured in a controlled
environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place.
In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site specific forms and
cured on site.
 By producing precast concrete in a controlled environment , the precast
concrete is afforded the opportunity to properly cure and be closely
monitored by plant employees. There are many different types of
precast concrete forming systems for architectural applications,
differing in size, function and cost.
 Modern uses for precast technology include a variety of architectural and
structural applications featuring parts of or an entire building system.
 The advantages of using precast concrete is the increased quality of the
material, when formed in controlled conditions, and the reduced cost
of constructing large forms used with concrete poured on site.
PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
 Precast and prestressed concrete is now the dominant structural
material for short to medium span bridges. With its inherent
durability, low maintenance and assured quality, precast and
prestressed is a natural product for bridge construction. The ability to
quickly erect precast concrete component in all types of weather with
little disruption of traffic adds to the economy of the job. For short
spans(spans to 100 ft), use of box sections and double tee sections
have proven economical. However, the most common product for
short to medium spans in the I-girder. Spans to 150 to 160ft are not
uncommon with I-girders. Spliced girders allow spans as much as
300ft. Even longer spans can be achieved using precast box girder
segments which are then post-tensioned together in the field. Using
cable stays, the spanning capability of precast and prestressed
concrete has been increased to over 1000ft.
 An important innovation in bridge construction has been the use of
precast concrete in horizontally curved bridges.
 Another application of precast and prestressed concrete in bridge
construction includes the use of precast deck panels. Used as stay in
place forms, the panels reduce field placement of reinforcing steel
and concrete resulting in considerable savings.
 The speed and variety of precast prestressed products and methods
 give designers many options.

B e n e fits to O w n e r A g e n cie s : B e n e fits to

R e d u ctio n in th e d u ra tio n o f C o n tra cto rs :
w o rk zo n e s R e d u ce d exp o su re to
R e d u ce d tra ffic h a n d lin g co sts h a za rd s
R e d u ce d a ccid e n t exp o su re M o re w o rk -- le ss tim e
risks Fe w e r w e a th e r d e la ys
Le ss in co n ve n ie n ce to th e Lo w e r co sts
tra ve lin g p u b lic Le ss skille d la b o r
Fe w e r m o to rist co m p la in ts N o cu rin g tim e
 BANDRA WORLI SEA LINK
 The Bandra Worli Sea Link  would be an 8-lane , cable-stayed bridge
 with pre-stressed concrete viaduct approaches, which links Bandra
 and the western suburbs of Mumbai with Worli and central Mumbai,
 and is the first phase of the proposed West Island Freeway system. 
 The Sea Link is likely to reduce travel time between Bandra and Worli
 from 45–60 minutes to 7 minutes. The link has an average daily traffic
 of around 25,000 vehicles on weekdays.
 The project starts from the intersection of Western Express Highway and
SV Road at the Bandra end, and connects it to Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Road at the Worli end.

MAIN BRIDGE STRUCTURE

 The proposed Link Bridge consists of twin continuous concrete box

girder bridge sections for traffic in each direction. Each bridge
section except at the cable - stayed portion is supported on piers
typically spaced at 50 meters. Each section is meant for four lanes
of traffic complete with concrete barriers and service side walks on
one side. The bridge alignment is defined with vertical and
horizontal curves. The Link Bridge layout is categorized into three
Part different
1 - The north end approach structure
parts:
mainly with precast (PC) segmental
construction
Part 2 - The Cable Stayed Bridge at Bandra
channel is with 50m - 250m - 250m - 50m span
arrangement and the Cable Stayed Bridge at
Worli channel is with 50m - 50m - 150m - 50m
- 50m span arrangement
Part 3 - The south end approach structure
mainly with precast segmental construction
 PART - I   NORTH END APPROACH STRUCTURE


 The bridge is arranged in units of typically six continuous spans of

50 meters each. Expansion joints are provided at ends of each
unit.
 Provision for access ramp to connect to Bandstand road below
Searock Hotel. Span arrangement for this structure provides for
cast in-situ spans.
 The superstructure & substructure are designed in accordance with
IRC codes. Specifications conform to the IRC standard with
supplementary specifications covering special items. The sub -
structure consists of 1.5 meters diameter drilled piles with pile
caps & some of the piers near Worli end will be directly socketed
into the rock.
 Bridge is proposed to be built utilizing the concept of precast, post -
tensioned, twin segmented concrete box girder sections. An
overhead gantry truss crane with self - launching capability is
proposed. The PC segments are epoxied together with nominal
prestressing. The end segments adjacent to the pier would be
short segments "cast - in - situ". Geometrical adjustments are
 PART- II   CABLE STAYED BRIDGE


 The cable - stayed portion of the Bandra channel is 600 meters in
overall length between expansion joints and consists of two 250
meters cable supported main spans flanked by 50 meters
conventional approach spans. A centre tower with an overall
height of 128 meters above pile cap level supports the
superstructure by means of four planes of stay cables in a semi -
fan arrangement.
 The cable - stayed portion of the Worli channel is 350 meters in
overall length between expansion joints and consists of two 150
meters cable supported main spans flanked by 50 meters


 A total of about 264 stay cables will be required for the cable -
stayed spans at Bandra channel with cable lengths varying from
approximately 85 meters minimum to nearly 250 meters
maximum. The tower is cast - in - situ reinforced concrete using
the climbing form method of construction. The overall tower
configuration is an inverted "Y" shape with the inclined legs
oriented along the axis of the bridge. Tower cable anchorage's are
achieved by use of formed pockets and transverse and
longitudinal bar post - tensioning is provided in the tower head to
resist local cable forces.
 A total of about 160 stay cables will be required for the cable -
stayed spans at Worli channel with cable lengths varying from
approximately 30 meters minimum to nearly 80 meters
maximum. The tower is cast - in - situ reinforced concrete using
the climbing form method of construction. The overall tower
configuration is "I" shape with the inclined legs. Tower cable
anchorage's are achieved by use of formed pockets and
 PART - III SOUTH END APPROACH STRUCTURE


 This portion of the bridge is similar to the North end approach

structure in construction methodology with span by span match cast
concrete box girder sections. Similar to the north end approach
detailed, access ramps shall be provided for connection to the western
freeway

 BANGABANDHU
BRIDGE,BANGALADESH
 Bangabandhu Bridge, also called the Jamuna Multi-purpose Bridge , is a
bridge opened in Bangladeshin June 1998. It is the eleventh longest
bridge in the world and the second longest in South Asia. It is
amongst the longest bridges in
 the world. It was constructed over the Jamuna River.
 The bridge established a strategic link between the eastern and western
parts
 of Bangladesh. It generated various benefits for the people and
especially,
 promoted inter-regional trade in the country. Apart from quick
movement of
 goods and passenger traffic by road and rail, it facilitated
transmission of
 electricity and natural gas, and integration of telecommunication
links.
 The main bridge is 4.8 km long with 47 main spans of
approximately 100 metres

 The crossing has been designed to carry a dual two-lane carriageway,
a dual gauge railway, telecom cables and a 750 mm diameter high
pressure natural gas pipeline. The carriageways are 6.315 metres
wide separated by a 0.57 metre width central barrier; the rail track is
located along the north side of the deck. On the main bridge,
electrical interconnector pylons are positioned on brackets
cantilevered from the north side of
 the deck. Telecommunication ducts run through
 the box girder deck and the gas pipeline is
 located under the south cantilever of the box
 section.
 SPECIFICATION



 Considering the fact that the width of the main channel does not
exceed 3.5 km, and after making allowances for floods, a bridge
length of 5 km was considered adequate. In October 1995, one
year after the commencement of physical work of the bridge, a
bridge length of 4.8 km, instead of a flood-width of the river at
14 km, was finalised. This narrowing was essential to keep the
overall project cost within economic viability. It has, however,
required considerable river training work to keep the river under
the bridge.
 To withstand predicted scourge and possible earthquakes, the
bridge is supported on 80-85 meter long and 2.5 meter and 3.15
meter diameter steel piles, which were driven by powerful (240-
ton) hydraulic hammer. The superstructure of the bridge is pre-
cast segments erected by the balanced cantilever method. Basic
features of the bridge are: length (main part) - 4.8 km; width -
18.5 metre; spans - 49; deck segments - 1263; piles - 121; piers
- 50; road lanes - 4; railway tracks - 1 dual gauge.

 SUB - STRUCTURE

 The bridge is supported on tubular steel piles,

approximately 80 metres in length, driven into
the river bed. Sand was removed from within the piles
by airlifting and replaced with concrete. Out of the
50 piers, 21 piers are supported on groups of 3 piles
(2.5 m diameter) and 29 piers on groups of 2 piles
(3.15 diameter). The driving of 121 piles started
on October 15, 1995 and was completed in July 1996.
The
p re pier
ca st a n d stems
in fille dare
w ithfounded
 in -situ  reon
in foconcrete pile
rce d caps,
whose shells were
co n cre te . T h e  re in fo rce d co n cre te  p ie r ste m s
su p p o rt p ie r h e a d s w h ich
co n ta in  b e a rin g s a n d  se ism ic d e vice s. T h e se
a llo w m o ve m e n t o f th e d e ck u n d e r n o rm a l
lo a d in g co n d itio n s b u t lo ck in th e e ve n t o f
a n  e a rth q u a ke  to lim it o ve ra ll se ism ic
lo a d s th ro u g h th e stru ctu re a n d m in im ise
 SUPER STRUCTURE



The main bridge deck is a multi-
span precast prestressed
concrete segmental structure,
constructed by the balanced
cantilever method. Each cantilever has
12 segments (each 4 m long), joined to a
pier head unit (2 m long) at each pier
and by an in-situ stitch at mid span. The
deck is internally prestressed and of
single box section. The depth of the box
varies between 6.5 metres at the piers
to 3.25 metres at mid-span.
An expansion joint is provided every 7
spans by means of a hinge segment at
approximately quarter span. The
segments were precast and erected