KEBIJAKAN KRIMINAL (CRIMINAL/PENAL POLICY)

Dr. M. ALI ZAIDAN, SH. M.Hum PROGRAM MAGISTER ILMU HUKUM UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL VETERAN JAKARTA 2012

Hukum Pidana

Kebijakan Hukum Pidana

KEJAHATAN KEJAHATAN

Kebijakan Kriminal

Kriminologi

I. BEBERAPA PERISTILAHAN

Policy Criminal Policy Criminal Law Policy

Usaha rasional masyarakat untuk menanggulangi kejahatan. Respon masyarakat terhadap kejahatan

Penal

PENGERTIAN
SOEDARTO : a. Dalam arti sempit : keseluruhan asas dan metode yang menjadi dasar dari reaksi terhadap pelanggaran hukum yang berupa pidana; b. Dalam arti luas : keseluruhan fungsi dari aparatur penegak hukum, termasuk di dalamnya cara kerja pengadilan dan polisi, dan c. Dalam arti paling luas : keseluruhan kebijakan yang dilakukan melalui perundang-undangan dan badanbadan resmi yang bertujuan untuk menegakkan norma-norma sentral dari masyarakat.
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DEFINISI LAIN

Marc Ancel : the rational organization of the control of crime by society. G Peter Hoefnagels : Criminal policy is the rational organization of the social reaction to crime : a. Criminal policy is the science of responses, b. Criminal policy is the science of crime prevention c. Criminal policy is designating human behaviour as crime, d. Criminal policy is a rational total of the responses to crime
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KEBIJAKAN KRIMINAL
Cabang dari (ilmu) Hukum Pidana yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan masyarakat terhadap kejahatan The three main branches of criminal science are criminology, criminal policy and criminal law (Bryan A Garner)

II. KEJAHATAN

Hukum Pidana

Kebijakan Kriminal

Kriminologi

DEFINSI TENTANG KEJAHATAN

Social
(Crime is any act that violates a criminal law)
Crime as Behavior Is the study of activities that violated socially presribed standard, wether or not that behavior happens to break some criminal law

Political
Crime as a Label Crime as a consequence of social interaction, a result of a process that involves both the rule of violator and other (community, police or court)

Austin Turk :
The central question is not why some people break the law while others do not. It is rather, why some peoples conduct is defined as crime and that of others is not. In short, it is not the criminal character of behavior that is of interest to criminology but THE PROCESS OF CRIMINALIZING BEHAVIOR

William J Chambliss
Crime is political phenomenon. What is gets defined as criminal or deliquent behavior is the result of political process within which rules are formed which prohibit or require people to behave in certain ways. why it is some acts get defined as criminal while others do not. .... If we are to explain the social forces that cause crime, we must first explain the social forces that cause some acts to be defined as criminal while other acts are not

G Peter Hoefnagels The use term crime in respect of the some behavior differ from moment to moment (time) and from context to (situation)

DEFINISI
Crime is a human act that violates the criminal law. 1. Crime involves behavior, 2. This behavior is identified in terms of law Dengan kata lain : 1. There must be conduct, 2. The conduct must constitute a social harm 3. The conduct must be prohibited by law 4. The conduct must be performed voluntary 5. The conduct must be performed intentionally/mens rea, meaning guilty mind, 6. The harm must be causally related to the conduct, 7. The conduct must be punishable by law Modifikasi oleh Walter Reckless: Kita harus membatasi perhatian terhadap tindakan yang dilaporkan kepada polisi. The modern criminologist must answer that crime exist when a violation of the criminal code is reported. So the fact of crime is the reporting of a violation of a criminal code. Anything else is not a crime in fact. In the quality the act on when the machinery of law acts upon it Law on the book are never enforced. On the paper the act is a crime; but as part of social experience it is not. Roscoe Pound : Law in action involves the activities of those who create and enforce criminal law

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Definition
Crime is labele that is attached to human conduct by those who create and administer the criminal law.

Criminal law is a specific type of law...... Is defined conventionally as a body of specific rules regarding human conduct which have been promulgated by political authority, which apply unifomity to all members of the class to which the rules refer, and which are enforced by punishment administered by the state.

Politically : invoke the notion of political authority.....those rules created and enforce by authorized agents of the state; Penal sanction : refer to the notion that violators will be punished or at least thretened with punisment by the state. Specificity : points at the specific rather than general character of rules.....criminal law generally gives a strict definition of a specific act. Uniformity, ...apply to all persons for whom they are relevant and must be applied without regard for personal status or prestige.

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RICHARD QUINNEY (THE SOCIAL REALITY OF CRIME)

I.

II.
III. IV.

V. VI.

Crime is a definition of human conduct that is created by authorized in a politically organized society; Criminal definition describe behavior that conflict with the interest of the segment of society that have the power to shape public policy; Criminal definition are applied by the segment of society that have the power to shape the enforcement and administration of criminal law; Behavior patterns are structured in segment organized society in relation to criminal definitions, and within this context persons engage in action that have relative probabilities of being defined as criminal; Conception of crime are constructed and diffused in the segments of society by serious means of communication; The social reality of crime is constructed by the formulation and application of criminal definition, the development of behavior petterns related to criminal definition, and the construction of criminal conceptions.
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DEFINISI SOSIAL

Crime and its definition are social product. Society (human groups) decides what is a crime and what is not. Mala in se are acts bad in themselves, the universality of law against murder,rape, assault etc Mala prohibita : bad because the have been prohibited. Trafic violation, gambling, smunggling etc.

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Pandangan lain
Definition of Crime reflect the interest of those group, who comprise the rulling class (Seten Box, Power, Crime and Mistification 1983 : 8)

Crime constitutes a legal relationship between the official state and the member of society. it defines what is permitted and what is prohibit them in their political society. legal relationship between the state and its member is an criminal law serve as safeguards of the various values of the ideology that the state power wants to see implemented (Stephen Schafer, The Political Criminal, 1974 : 20)

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WA BONGER

JAMES Q WILSON, RICHARD J HERRENSTEIN

Mazhab Italia (antropologi) Mazhab Perancis (lingkungan) - lingkungan sosial - lingkungan fisik Mazhab Bio-sosiologi Mazhab Spiritualis

Constitutional Factors - gender

- age - intelligent - personality dan Psychopathologi

Development Factors - Families

- Broken and abusive families

Social Context - community

- labour markets - television and the mass media, - alcohol and heroin - altering the social context

III. SEBAB-SEBAB KEJAHATAN (MIKRO)

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SEBAB KEJAHATAN (MAKRO)

Biologis / Psikologis Sosiologis Teori penyimpangan budaya Teori Kontrol sosial Teori Lain - Lebelling Theory - Conflict Theory - Radical (Critical) Criminologi

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III. MODERN CRIMINAL SCIENCE (MARC ANCEL)

CRIMINAL LAW
Which is the explanation and application of the positive rules whereby society reachs against the phenomenon of crime

CRIMINOLOGY
Which studies the phenomenon of crime in all its aspects

PENAL POLICY
Both a science and an art of which the practical purposes, ultimately, are to enable the positive rules to be better formulated and to guide not only the legislator who has to draft criminal statute, but the court by which the applied and the prison administration which give practical effect to the court decision

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Between the study of criminological factors on the one hand, and legal technique on other, there is room for a science which observes legislative phenomena and for a rational art within which scholars and practitioner, criminologist and lawyers can come together, not as antagonists or fratricidal strife, but as fellow-workers engaged in a common task, which is first and foremost to bring into effect realitic, humane and healty progresif penal policy. .......the twentieth-century system of criminal law still remain to created. Such system can only be established and perfected by the commond effort of all men of good will, as well as by the cooperation of all specialist in the social science (Marc Ancel : 5-6)

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.... Social defence, fundamentally diffrent from one another : first the old interpretation, which still has many supporters, who would limit the notion to the protection of society by repression of crime; secondly the modern conception, .... By UN (1948) The Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (page 17)

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TUJUAN PIDANA
Penanggulangan Kejahatan

Repression of crime, Reduction of crime, Prevention of crime Control of crime Perlindungan Masyarakat

Memperbaiki Pelaku Rehabilitasi,Reformasi,Treat ment of offenders, Reedukasi, Readaptasi sosial, Resosialisasi, Pemasyarakatan,Pembebasan Memulihkan Keseimbangan

Policing the police, saluran untuk balas dendam, menghindari balas dendam, unofficial retaliation

Menghilangkan noda akibat TP, Menyelesaikan konflik, Memulihkan keseimbangan, Mendatangkan rasa damai
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DIMENSI HUKUM

Normati vitas Hukum

Realitas Hukum

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CLASSICAL SCHOOL

POSITIVE SCHOOL

Legal definition of crime Let the punishment fit the crime Doctrine of Free will Death penalty for some offenses Anecdotal method no empirical research Definite sentence

Rejected legal definition; Garafalo substituted natural crime Let the punishment fit the criminal Doctrin of deteminism Abolition of the death penalty Empirical reseach, use of the inductive method Undeterminate sentence

IV. ALIRAN HUKUM PIDANA (SUE TITUS REID, CRIME AND CRIMINOLOGY)
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PERGESERAN KARAKTER HP

a.
b. c. d. e.

Klassik
Legal definition of crime Let the punishment fit the crime Doctrin of free will Death penalty for some offence Anecdotal method no empirical research

a. b. c. d. e. f.

Neo Klasik
Modifikasi doktrin of free will Mitigating circumtances Perhatian thd kondisi mental Expert testimony Twintrack system (double) Perpaduan justice model dengan perlindungan thd hak terdakwaterpidana juga pengembangan non institutional treatment dan dekriminalisasi dan depenalisasi

Daad Strafrecht

a. b. c. d. e. f.

Modern
Rejected legal definition of crime and substituted natural crime Let the punishment fit the criminal Doctrin of determinism Abolition of the death penalty Empirical research : use of inductive method; Indeterminite sentence

Dader Strafrecht
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V. BAGAN CRIMINAL POLICY

SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY

Social Policy Social Defence Policy

Tujuan

Penal

Criminal Policy

Non Penal

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SKEMA KEBIJAKAN KRIMINAL

Criminal Policy

Law Enforcement Policy

Social Policy

Influencing view of society on crime and punishment (Non Penal)

Criminal law application (practical criminology)--(Penal)

Prevention without Punishment (civil or Administrative procedure)

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VI. BATAS-BATAS KEMAMPUAN HUKUM PIDANA

1.

2.
3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

Sebab-sebab kejahatan yang demikian kompleks berada di luar jangkauan hukum pidana; Hukum pidana merupakan bagian terkecil dari sarana kontrol sosial yang tidak mungkin mengatasi masalah kejahatan; Bersifat kurieren am simptom bukan pengobatan kausatif; Sanksi hukum pidana merupakan remidium yang bersifat kontradiksi/paradoksal dan mengandung unsur serta efek sampingan yang negatif; Sistem pemidanaan fragmentair dan individual/personal tidak struktural/fungsional; Keterbatasan jenis sanksi dan sistem perumusan sanksi pidana yang bersifat kaku dan imperatif; Bekerjanya HP memerlukan sarana pendukung yang lebih bervarisi dan menuntut biaya tinggi.

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1. 2. 3.

4.

5. 6.

Jangan HP digunakan semata-mata untuk tujuan pembalasan; Jangan menggunakan HP untuk memidana perbuatan yang tidak merugikan/membahayakan; Jangan menggunakan HP untuk mencapai suatu tujuan yang dapat dicapai secara lebih efektif dengan sarana-sarana lain yang lebih ringan; Jangan menggunakan HP apabila kerugian/bahaya yang timbul dari pidana lebih besar daripada kerugian/bahaya dari perbuatan/TP itu sendiri; Larangan-larangan HP jangan mengandung sifat lebih berbahaya daripada perbuatan yang akan dicegah; HP jangan memuat larangan-larangan yang tidak mendapat dukungan kuat dari publik

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JEREMY BENTHAM

PENDAPAT LAIN

HERBER L PACKER

Groundless Needless Unprofitable or inefficacious

Indiscriminaletly Coercively Prime threatener

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VII. RESPON THD KEJAHATAN

Respon

Formal (Sistem Peradilan Pidana)

Informal (Teguran/perin gatan)

Non Formal (Inisiatif WN sendiri)

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RESPON INFORMAL
DILAKUKAN OLEH ATAU SEIZIN APARAT HUKUM: AFDOENING BUITEN PROCESS (PS 82 KUHP) SCIKKING (DALAM TPE) TEGURAN MUSYAWARAH RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DIVERSI

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RESPON NON FORMAL

CARA-CARA LUNAK PEMBENTUKAN MASYARAKAT SEDAR HUKUM, KAMTIBMAS, KORUPSI. SISKAMLING, ASURANSI, PENGAWALAN

CARA-CARA KERAS AKSI MAIN HAKIM SENDIRI

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PENEGAKAN HUKUM

Satjipto Rahardjo Usaha untuk mewujudkan ide-ide hukum menjadi kenyataan

Soedarto Apa yang dilakukan oleh aparatur penegak hukum dalam menghadapi masalah-masalah dalam penegakan hukum

Soeryono Soekanto Kegiatan menyerasikan hubungan nilai-nilai yang terjabarkan di dalam kaidahkaidah yang mantap dan mengejawantah dalam sikap tindak sebagai rangkaian tahap akhir untuk menciptakan, memelihara dan mempertahankan kedamaian pergaulan hidup.

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENEGAKAN HUKUM

Undang-undang Penegak hukum Sarana dan fasilitas Masyarakat kebudayaan

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UNDANG-UNDANG
Tidak diikutinya asas-asas berlakunya undang-undang Belum adanya peraturan pelaksanaan Ketidak jelasan arti kata-kata dalam UU

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PENEGAK HUKUM
Keterbatasan kemampuan untuk menempatkan diri dalam peranan pihak lain dengan siapa dia berinteraksi Tingkat aspirasi yang relatif belum tinggi Kegairahan yang terbatas untuk memikirkan masa depan, sehingga sulit sekali untuk membuat suatu proyeksi Belum adanya kemampuan untuk menunda pemuasan suatu kebutuhan tertentu, terutama kebutuhan materi, Kurangnya daya inovatif.

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SARANA DAN FASILITAS

Tenaga manusia yang berpendidikan dan trampil, Organisasi yang baik Peralatan yang memadai Keuangan yang cukup

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Tidak mengetahui atau tidak menyadari apabila hak-hak mereka dilanggar atau terganggu, Tidak mengetahui akan adanya upaya hukum untuk melindungi kepentingannya, Tidak berdaya untuk memanfaatkan upaya hukum karena faktor keuangan,psikis, sosial atau politik, Tidak mempunyai pengalaman menjadi anggota organisasi yang memperjuangkan kepentingannya, Mempunyai pengalaman kurang baik dalam proses interaksi dengan kalangan hukum formal.

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KEBUDAYAAN

Kebudayaan mencakup nilai-nilai yang mendasari hukum yang berlaku, nilai-nilai merupakan konsepsi abstrak tentang apa yang dianggap baik dan apa yang dianggap buruk

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VIII. PROSES PERKARA PIDANA

Cukup bukti = diteruskan

Kasus

Penyi dikan

Penun -tutan

Penga dilan

Putu san

Tidak cukup bukti = dihentikan Kemungkinan lain : o Area of no enforcement, o Klach delict o Praejudicial geschil

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IX.TIPE PENEGAKAN HUKUM

Total Enforcement

Full Enforcement

Actual Enforcement

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LAW ENFORCEMENT
Total Enforcement yakni penegakan hukum sesuai dengan bunyi undang-undang, hal ini tidak mungkin karena ada pembatasan dalam hukum materiil maupun hukum formil. Full Enforcement : keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana Actual Enforcement : penegakan hukum sesungguhnya.

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HUB. KEBIJAKAN SOSIAL DG KEBIJAKAN KRIMINAL

Kebijakan Penegakan Hukum

Kebijakan Kriminal

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X. KEBIJAKAN SISTEMIK/INTEGRAL :
a. b. c.

d.

e. f. g.

Penanggulangan kejahatan dengan POLEKSOSBUD, Treatment of Offenders dengan Treatment of Society, Simptomatik dengan Kausatif. Individual/Personal Responsibility dengan Structural /Functional Resposilibity, Sarana Penal dengan Non Penal Sarana Formal dengan informal/tradisional, Pendekatan Kebijakan dengan Pendekatan Nilai.

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PENDEKATAN TERPADU
Ada

keterpaduan (integralitas) antara politik kriminal dengan politik sosial, keterpaduan (integralitas) antara upaya penanggulangan dengan penal dan non penal
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Ada

MASALAH SENTRAL
Perbuatan

apa yang seharusnya dijadikan tindak pidana, dan

Sanksi

apa yang sebaiknya digunakan atau dikenakan kepada pelanggar

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REFERENSI

Barda Nawawi Arief, Kebijakan Hukum Pidana, Perkembangan Penyusunan Konsep KUHP Baru, Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2008. G Peter Hoefnagels, The Other Side of Criminology, KluwerDeventer,1975. Nigel Walker, Sentencing in a Rational Society, Penguin Books, 1972. Richard Quinney,The Social Reality of Crime, Little Brown and Company,1970. Sue Titus Reid, Crime and Criminology, Hold, rinehart and winston, 1979. Syaiful Bakhri, Kebijakan Kriminal, dalam Perspektif Pembaruan Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia, P3IHUMJ, Total Media, Yogyakarta, 2010.
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KEJAHATAN
Arti Hidden crime, dark number of criminality, tidak dilaporkan, Ketentuan hukum, bagaimana Bagaimana ke depan Apakah tidak ada alternatif lain Miranda Rules Ps 27 UU KK

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Corporate crime White collar crime Profit oriented Street crime/conventional crime Crimes of politicians in office/top hat crime

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CRIME BY OFFICIAL IN OFFICE/TOP HAT CRIME

High treason Violation of the constitution Political assasination, other forms of homicide Kidnapping Abuse of power Illegal wiretapping Political espionege Unlawfull arrest

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Economic scandals Emblezzlement of public money Abuse of insider information, bribery

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Karakteristik HP Politik Kekhususan Keseragaman sanksi

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HAL-HAL YANG PATUT DIPERHATIKAN

Kejahatan : Rechtsdelict =delik hukum Pelanggaran : Wetsdelict= delik undangundang. Ps II AP WvS = transitoir recht UU NO 1/1946 Rechtvacuum Marital rape

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