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Graph theory?
Has nothing to do with graph or graphics An area of math dealing with entities (nodes) and the connections (links) between the nodes

A graph is an abstract mathematical structure defined from two sets:

V={n1, n2,nm} of nodes E={e1,e2,em} of edges

e1
n1

n2 e4

e2

n3

e3

n4

n5

e5
n7 n6

The degree
Refers to the number of edges that have a node as an endpoint , denoted by deg(n) Indicates the extent of integration testing that is appropriate for the object E.g. deg(n1) =2

Alternative to visual presentation of graph The incidence matrix of G=(V,E) with m nodes and n edges is an mn matrix We have 1 in row i, column J
if node i is an endpoint of edge j Row sum represents degree of nodes Column sum represents the endpoints of an edge

n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7

e1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

e2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

e3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

e4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

e5 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
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A useful supplement to the incidence matrix The Adjacency matrix of G=(V,E) with m nodes and n edges is an mm matrix
We have 1 in row i, and col. j if
there is an edge between node i and node j, zero otherwise

Used to identify paths and hence equivalence relation to simplify a graph and hence testing
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n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7

n1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

n2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

n3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

n4 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

n5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

n6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

n7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
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A path is a sequence of edges such that, for any adjacent pair of edges ei, ej in the sequence, the edges share a common (node) endpoint Can be described as sequences of edges or nodes

path
Between n1 and n5 Between n6 and n5 .

Nodes sequence
n1,n2,n5 n6, n4, n1, n2, n5

Edge sequences
e1,e4 e5,e2,e1,e4

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Nodes ni and nj are connected if they are in the same path Connectedness is an equivalence relation can be checked easily
Reflexive (every node is in path of 0 length with itself) Symmetric n1, and n2 in same path, then n2 and n1 is also in the same path transitive

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Connectedness defines a partition (or component) on the node set of a graph Components of a graph is maximal set of connected nodes E.g. Components
Condensation graph Used as a Simplification mechanism Creating a graph by replacing a set of connected nodes (or components) by a condensing node The implication for testing is that component are stand alone elements and hence can be tested separately
S1={n1,n2,n3,n4,n5,n6} and S2={n7}

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No edges can be present in a condensation graph of an ordinary graph. Two reasons:

Edges have individual nodes as endpoints, not sets of nodes A possible edge would mean that nodes from two different components are connected, thus in a path, thus in the same component.

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A directed graph D = (V,E) consists of a finite set V = {n1,., nm} of nodes, and a set E = {e1, e2, ,ep}, where each edge ek = <ni, nj> is an ordered pair of nodes.

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n1 e2

e1

n2 e4

e3 n3

n4 e5

n5

n7
n6

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The in degree of a node in a directed graph is the number of distinct edges that have the node as a terminal node.
The out-degree of a node in a directed graph is the number of distinct edges that have the node as a start point.

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The AMD of G=(V,E) with m nodes is an mm matrix where a(i,j) is a 1 if there is an edge from node i to node j, otherwise it is 0
Row sum represents outdegrees Column sum represents indegrees

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n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7

n1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

n2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

n3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

n4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

n5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

n6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

n7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Source node: a node with in-degree zero Sink node: a node with out-degree=0
Transfer node: node with in-degree 0 and out-degree 0

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Direction is important therefore

Directed path (a sequence of edges ei and ej, the terminal node of ei is the initial node of ej ) Cycle (directed path that begins and ends at the same node) Directed semi-path (for adjacent pair of ei, the initial (terminal) node of the first edge is the initial (terminal) node of the second edge
E.g., n1 and n3

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n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7

n1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

n2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

n3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

n4 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

n5 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

n6 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

n7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
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Connectedness of directed graph

0-connected (no path between ni, and nj) 1-connected (semi-path between ni, and nj ) 2-connected(a path between ni, and nj ) 3-connected (a path between ni to nj, and a path between nj, and ni)
Strong components

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n1 e2

e1

n2 e4

e3 n3

n4 e5

n5 n1 and n7 0-c n2 and n4 1-c

e6
n6

n7

n1 and n6 2-c
n3 and n6 3-c

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