CARBOHYDRATE

METABOLISM
Kadek Rachmawati, M.Kes.,Drh
 CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION

 AMYLUM digestion by amylase enzyme

Disaccharides digestion
► Glucose is the most important carbohydrate
► Glucose is the major metabolic fuel of mammals,
except ruminants
► Monosaccharide from diet :
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
► Fructose and Galactose glucose at the liver
Galactose Metabolism
Fructose Metabolism
 Blood glucose carbohydrate metabolism
exist are :
1. Glycolisis
2. Glycogenesis
3. HMP Shunt
4. Oxidation of Pyruvate
5. Kreb’s Cycle
6. Change to lipids
 Fasting blood glucose carbohydrate
metabolism :
1. Glycogenolisis
2. Gluconeogenesis
 GLYCOLISIS
 Glycolisis oxidation of glucose energy
 It can function either aerobically or anaerobically

pyruvate lactate
 Occurs in the cytosol of all cell
 AEROBICALLY GLYCOLYSIS :
Pyruvate Mitochondria oxidized to
Asetil CoA Kreb’s Cycle

CO2 + H2O + ATP

Glycolisis
 Most of the reaction of glycolysis are reversible,
except of three reaction :
1. Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate,
catalyzed by Hexokinase / Glucokinase
 Hexokinase :
- Inhibited allosterically by its product
glucose-6-p
- Has a high affinity for its substrate glucose
- available at all cell, except liver and islet cell
 Glucokinase :
- available at liver and islet cell
- in the liver to remove glucose from the
blood after meal
2. Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-biP
- catalyzed by Phosphofructokinase enzyme
- Irreversible
- Rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis
3. Phosphoenopyruvate Enol Pyruvate
- Catalyzed by Pyruvate kinase enzyme
 Oxidation of 1 mol glucose 8 mol ATP and 2
mol Pyruvate
 ANAEROBICALLY GLYCOLYSIS :
- The reoxidation of NADH through the respiratory
chain to oxygen is prevented
- Pyruvate is reduced by the NADH to lactate, by
Lactate dehidrogenase enzyme
Lactate dehydrogenase
 Pyruvate + NADH + H+ Lactate + NAD+

- Oxidation 1 mol glucose via anaerobically

glycolysis 2 mol ATP
 ANAEROBICALLY GLYCOLYSIS :
Respiratory chain is absence

Reoxidation of NADH NAD via Respiratory

chain is inhibited

Reoxidation of NADH via lactate formation

allows glycolysis to proceed in the absence of
oxygen by regenerating sufficient NAD
 GLYCOLYSIS IN ERYTHROCYTE
• Erythrocyte lack mitochondria respiratory chain
and Kreb’s cycle are absence
• Always terminates in lactate
• In mammals the reaction catalyzed by
phosphoglycerate kinase may be bypassed by a
process that catalyzed Biphosphoglycerate muta-
se
• Its does serve to provide 2,3-biphosphoglycerate
bind to hemoglobin decreasing its affinity for
oxygen oxygen readily available to tissues
GLYCOLYSIS IN ERYTHROCYTE
 OXIDATION OF PYRUVATE

• Occur in mitochondria
• Oxidation of 1 mol Pyruvate 1 mol Asetil
Asetyl-CoA + 3 mol ATP
• CH3COCOOH + HSCoA + NAD+ CH3CO-SCoA + NADH
(Pyruvate) (Asetyl-CoA)
• Catalyzed by Pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme
• This enzyme need CoA as coenzyme
• In Thiamin deficiency, oxydation of pyruvate is
impaired lactic and pyruvic acid
OXIDATION OF PYRUVATE
 GLYCOGENESIS

• Synthesis of Glycogen from glucose

• Occurs mainly in muscle and liver
• The reaction :
• Glucose Glucose-6-P
Hexokinase / Glucokinase
• Glucose-6-P Glucose-1-P
Phosphoglucomutase
• Glucose-1-P + UTP UDPG +
Pyrophosphate
UDPG Pyrophosphorylase
 GLYCOGENESIS

• Glycogen synthase catalyzes the formation

of α-1,4-glucosidic linkage in glycogen
• Branching enzyme catalyzes the formation
of α-1,6-glucosidic linkage in glycogen

• Finally the branches grow by further

additions of 1 → 4-gucosyl units and
further branching (like tree!)
SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOGEN
SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOGEN
GLYCOGENESIS AND GLYCOGENOLYSIS
PATHWAY
Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis
 GLYCOGENOLYSIS
• The breakdown of glycogen
• Glycogen phosphorilase catalyzes
cleavage of the 1→4 linkages of glycogen to
yield glucose-1-phosphate
• α(1→4)→α(1→4) glucan transferase transfer a
trisaccharides unit from one branch to the other
• Debranching enzyme hydrolysis of the 1→6
linkages
• The combined action of these enzyme leads to
the complete breakdown of glycogen.
 GLYCOGENOLYSIS
Phosphoglucomutase
• Glucose-1-P Glucose-6-P
Glucose-6-phosphatase
• Glucose-6-P Glucose
• Glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme a spesific
enzyme in liver and kidney, but not in muscle
• Glycogenolysis in liver yielding glucose
export to blood to increase the blood glu-
cose concentration
• In muscle glucose-6-P glycolysis
 GLUCONEOGENESIS
 Pathways responsible for converting
noncarbohydrate precursors to glucose or
glycogen
 In mammals occurs in liver and kidney
 Major substrate :
1. Lactic acid from muscle, ery
2. Glycerol hydrolysis TG
3.Glucogenic amino acid
4. Propionic acid in ruminant
 Gluconeogenesis meets the needs of the
body for glucose when carbohydrate is not
available from the diet or from glycogeno-
lysis
 A supply of glucose is necessary especially
for nervous system and erythrocytes.
 The enzymes :
1. Pyruvate carboxylase
2. Phosphoenolpyruvate karboxikinase
3. Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase
4. Glucose-6-phosphatase
GLUCONEOGENESIS
GLUCONEOGENESIS FROM AMINO
ACID
GLUCONEOGENESIS FROM PROPIONIC
ACID
CORY CYCLE
 HMP SHUNT/HEXOSE MONO
PHOSPHATE SHUNT = PENTOSE
PHOSPHATE PATHWAY

• An alternative route for the metabolism

of glucose
• It does not generate ATP but has two
major function :
1. The formation of NADPH synthesis
of fatty acid and steroids
2. The synthesis of ribose nucleotide
and nucleic acid formation
 HMP SHUNT
• Active in : liver, adipose tissue, adrenal
cortex, thyroid, erythrocytes, testis and
lactating mammary gland
• Its activity is low in muscle
• In erythrocytes :
• HMP Shunt provides NADPH for the
reduction of oxidized glutathione by
glutathione reductase reduced glutathi-
one removes H2O2 glutathione
peroxidase
 HMP SHUNT

Glutathione reductase
• G-S-S-G 2-G-SH
(oxidized glutathione) (reduced glutathione)
Glutathione peroxidase
• 2-G-SH + H2O2 G-S-S-G + 2H2O
• This reaction is important accumulation
of H2O2 may decrease the life span of the
erythrocyte damage to the membrane
cell hemolysis
HMP SHUNT
 BLOOD GLUCOSE
• Blood glucose is derived from the :
1. Diet the digestible dietary carbohy-
drate yield glucose blood
2. Gluconeogenesis
3. Glycogenolysis in liver
• Insulin play a central role in regulating
blood glucose blood glucose
• Glucagon blood glucose
• Growth hormone inhibit insulin activity
• Epinefrine stress blood glucose
Good luck!! Thank you