MOTIVATION

MOTIVATIONAL CONCEPTS
MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES
MOTIVATION
internal state or condition that activates
behavior and gives it direction;
desire or want that energizes and
directs goal-oriented behavior;
influence of needs and desires on the
intensity and direction of behavior
MOTIVATIONAL
CONCEPTS

¤ Rewards and Reinforcement

¤ Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Motivation
¤ Self – control
Rewards – tangible or
intangible, is presented after the
occurrence of an action with the
intent to cause the behavior to
occur again.

Reinforcement –
intended to create a
measured increase in the rate
of a desirable behavior.
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
- Comes from rewards
inherent to a task or
activity itself.
- Internal desires to perform a
particular task
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
- Comes from the outside of the
performer and
unrelated to the task they are
performing.
Self-control
- The self-control of motivation is
increasingly understood as a
subset of emotional intelligence.
MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES
The incentive theory of
motivation
Drive-reduction theories
Need theories
Cognitive theories
Models of behavior change
Unconscious motivation
Intrinsic motivation and the 16
basic desires theory
The Incentive Theory of Motivation
This is done by associating positive meaning
to the behavior.
 Drive - Reduction
Theories
Drive theory is based on the principle that
organisms are born with certain
physiological needs and that a negative
state of tension is created when these
needs are not satisfied.
 Need Theories
1. Need hierarchy theory (Abraham
Maslow)
2. Herzberg’s two-factor theory Motivators

Motivators - which give positive satisfaction,

Hygiene factors - are based on the need to for a
business to avoid unpleasantness at work.
The theory is sometimes called the "Motivator-Hygiene
Theory."
3. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Existence – Psychological and Safety
needs
Relatedness – Social and external esteem
needs
Growth – Actualization and internal esteem
needs
Cognitive Theories
attempts to explain human behavior by
understanding the thought processes. The
assumption is that humans are logical beings
that make the choices that make the most
sense to them. “Information processing” is a
commonly used description of the mental
process, comparing the human mind to a
computer.
MODELS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE
Social-cognitive models of behavior
change include the constructs of motivation
and volition. Motivation is seen as a process
that leads to the forming of behavioral
intentions. Volition is seen as a process that
leads from intention to actual behavior. In
other words, motivation and volition refer to
goal setting and goal pursuit, respectively.
Both processes require self-regulatory efforts.
Several self-regulatory constructs are needed
to operate in orchestration to attain goals.
UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION
Some psychologists believe that a
significant portion of human behavior is
energized and directed by unconscious
motives. According to Maslow,
"Psychoanalysis has often demonstrated that
the relationship between a conscious desire
and the ultimate unconscious aim that
underlies it need not be at all direct" In other
words, stated motives do not always match
those inferred by skilled observers.
Intrinsic motivation and the 16 basic d
 Acceptance, the need for approval
 Curiosity, the need to think
 Eating, the need for food
 Family, the need to raise children
 Honor, the need to be loyal to the traditional values of one's clan/ethnic group
 Idealism, the need for social justice
 Independence, the need for individuality
 Order, the need for organized, stable, predictable environments
 Physical Activity, the need for exercise
 Power, the need for influence of will
 Romance, the need for sex
 Saving, the need to collect
 Social Contact, the need for friends (peer relationships)
 Status, the need for social standing/importance
 Tranquility, the need to be safe
 Vengeance, the need to strike back