Topic 7

Integration

Integration
Integration is an inverse process for differentiation.
dy = f(x) then f(x) dx = y If dx

Integration symbol is For a function f(x), we can evaluate the integral as: f(x) dx = f(x) + c , where c is a constant. In this definition the is called the integral symbol, f(x) is called the integrand, x is called the integration variable and
the c is called the constant of integration.
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Integration
There are 2 types of integration: indefinite integral and definite integral 1. f(x) dx is indefinite integral
b f ( x) dx is definite integral that 2. a involves limit a and b, where a is called lower limit of integration and b is called upper limit of integration.
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Techniques of Integration
Rules of integration Substitution method Integration by parts

Rules of Integration
Rule 1: a dx = ax + c where a and c is constant
Example 4 dx = 4x + c
1 1 dx x + c 3 3
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Rules of Integration
Rule 2:
n +1 x n x dx n + 1 + c, where n integer and n -1

Example
3+1 4 x x 3 x dx 3 + 1 + c 4 + c

Rules of Integration
Rule 3:
ax ax dx = a x dx = + c, where n = integer and n - 1 n +1
n n n +1

Example
5+1 6 6 4x 4x 2x 5 5 4x dx = 4 x dx = 5 + 1 + c = 6 + c = 3 + c

Rules of Integration
Rule 4: [f(x) + g(x)] dx = f(x) dx + g(x) dx
Example x3 + 2x2 dx = x3 dx + 2 x2 dx
x 4 2x 3 = + +c 4 3

Rules of Integration
Rule 5: [f(x) - g(x)] dx = f(x) dx - g(x) dx
Example x3 - 6x7 dx = x3 dx - 6 x7 dx
x 4 6x8 = +c 4 8 x 4 3x8 = +c 4 4

Rules of Integration
Rule 6: ex dx = ex + c Rule 7: 1 ax ax e dx = e + c
a

Example
2x 1 e 2x 2x e dx = e +c = +c 2 2
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Rules of Integration
Rule 8:
Rule 9: Example
1 dx x

ln (x) + c

1 1 dx = ln (ax + b) c ax b a = 1 ln (2x 3) + c 2
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1 dx 2x 3

Exercise 1
Integrate the following:
7x dx 2. (x2 + 2x) dx 3. (2 5x4 7x3 + 10ex 1) dx 4. 7/x
1.
ans3: 10/9 x9/5 7/4x4 + 10ex x + C Ans4: 7 ln |x| + C

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Substitution Method
For a function f(x) which is hard to evaluate the integral using rules of integration, the integral can be evaluated using substitution method:

du (f(u) ) dx = f(u) du dx
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Substitution Method
Example1: Solve x Solution:
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x dx 1

u = x2 + 1

du substitute u = x + 1 and dx = 2x du = 2x x du 1 1 1 1 dx = du = du = ln | u | + c u 2x 2u 2 u 2 du dx = 1 2x = ln | x 2 + 1 | + c 2
2
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Substitution Method
Example2: Solution:
x2 Solve dx 3 1 - 2x

u = 1 - 2x 3 substitute u = 1 - 2x3 and dx = du 2 6x du = -6x 2 2 x du 1 1 1 1 dx = du = ln | u | + c du = 2 u - 6x - 6u -6 u -6 du dx = 1 - 6x 2 = ln | 1 - 2x3 | + c -6

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Substitution Method
Example3: Solve Solution:
x x e 1 e dx

u =1 + e

x substitute

u =1 + e

and dx =

du 1 du x x 2 =e e u x = u du = u du dx e 3 du 2 3 u 2 2 dx = x = +c= u +c e 3 3 2 3 2 x 2 = (1 + e ) 16 +c 3

ex

du

Exercise 2
Integrate the following using the substitution method:

2 xe
(x
2

x2

dx
x 3 3 x

1)e

dx

2x dx 2 x 5
1 5 3

4 4 x (27 x ) dx
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Integration by parts
Integration by parts formula: If u = f(x) and v = g(x) then u dv = uv - v du how to choose u and dv choose dv first (dv must include dx) and u is the leftover part Example: xe2x dx
u

dv

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Integration by parts
Rules to choose u and dv
if function is a combination of x and exponential, then u = x and dv = exponential. if function is a combination of x and logarithmic, then u = logarithmic and dv = x

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Integration by parts
Example: Solve xe2x dx u=x Solution:
dv = e 2x dx v = e 2x dx 1 2x = e 2

u dv = uv - v du 1 2x 1 2x =x e -e dx 2 2

du =1 dx du = dx

2x xe 2x 1 xe 1 1 2x 2x = - e dx = - ( e )+c 2 2 2 2 2

xe 2x e 2x = +c 2 4

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Integration by parts
Example: Solve 2x3 ln x dx u = ln x Solution:
x4 x 4 dx = ln x - 2 2 x
dv = 2x3 dx v = 2x3 dx = 2 x3 dx x4 =2 4 x4 = 2

u dv = uv - v du

x4 1 = ln x - x 3 dx 2 2 x4 1 x4 = ln x +c 2 2 4

du 1 = dx x dx du = x

x4 x4 = ln x +c 2 8

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Exercise 3
Integrate the following part by part:
x xe dx

ln x x dx

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Properties of Definite Integration

a a f(x)

dx = 0

a f(x) b

dx = -

b f(x) a

dx

b f(x) dx a

c + f(x) dx b

c f(x) dx a

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Definite Integration
2 Example: Solve 3x dx 0 Solution:
2

3x 0 3x dx = 3
2

= x
0

[ ]

2 0

= 23 - 0 =8
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Definite Integration
Example: Solve Solution:
2

2 5x + 2x dx 2
2

2 5x + 2x dx = 0 2 because upper limit = lower limit

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Definite Integration
x Example: Solve Solution:
0 2 2

+ 3x dx
2 2
2

x 3x + 3x dx = + 0x 3 2
2

2 3(2 ) = + -0 3 2 8 12 26 = + = 3 2 3

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Exercise 4
Integrate the following:

( x 2 x )dx
3

1
3

5 xdx

4 xdx

(2 x 1)dx
1
27