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Heart Anatomy
Figure 18.1
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 18.2
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 18.4b
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 18.4d
Figure 18.4e
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 18.5
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 18.7a
Figure 18.7b
Heart Valves
Heart Valves
Aortic semilunar valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta
Pulmonary semilunar valve lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles
Heart Valves
Figure 18.8a, b
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Heart Valves
Figure 18.8c, d
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 18.9
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 18.10
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiac muscle is striated, short, fat, branched, and interconnected The connective tissue endomysium acts as both tendon and insertion Intercalated discs anchor cardiac cells together and allow free passage of ions
Figure 18.11
Heart muscle:
Is stimulated by nerves and is self-excitable (automaticity) Contracts as a unit Has a long (250 ms) absolute refractory period
Autorhythmic cells:
Initiate action potentials
PLAY
Figure 18.13
AV bundle splits into two pathways in the interventricular septum (bundle branches)
Bundle branches carry the impulse toward the apex of the heart
Purkinje fibers carry the impulse to the heart apex and ventricular walls
Figure 18.14a
Figure 18.17
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Heart is stimulated by the sympathetic cardioacceleratory center Heart is inhibited by the parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center
Figure 18.15
Heart Sounds
Second sound occurs when SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole
Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac cycle refers to all events associated with blood flow through the heart
Systole contraction of heart muscle
Ventricular systole
Atria relax
Rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves Isovolumetric contraction phase
Dicrotic notch brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off semilunar valves
PLAY InterActive Physiology: Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Cycle
Figure 18.20
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Preload, or degree of stretch, of cardiac muscle cells before they contract is the critical factor controlling stroke volume Slow heartbeat and exercise increase venous return to the heart, increasing SV Blood loss and extremely rapid heartbeat decrease SV
Figure 18.21
Contractility is the increase in contractile strength, independent of stretch and EDV Increase in contractility comes from:
Increased sympathetic stimuli Certain hormones Ca2+ and some drugs
Sympathetic stimulation releases norepinephrine and initiates a cyclic AMP secondmessenger system
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 18.22
Positive chronotropic factors increase heart rate Negative chronotropic factors decrease heart rate
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation is activated by stress, anxiety, excitement, or exercise
Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) stimulation is mediated by acetylcholine and opposes the SNS PNS dominates the autonomic stimulation, slowing heart rate and causing vagal tone
Atrial (Bainbridge) reflex a sympathetic reflex initiated by increased blood in the atria
Causes stimulation of the SA node
The hormones epinephrine and thyroxine increase heart rate Intra- and extracellular ion concentrations must be maintained for normal heart function
PLAY
BLOOD PRESSURE
Tekanan yang dibentuk oleh darah terhadap dinding pembuluh darah Sistole: pada saat jantung kontraksi Diastole: pada saat jantung relaksasi Tekanan Darah = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance
ESC 2003
Optimal
Normal High normal Grade 1 Hypertension (mild) Grade 2 Hypertension (moderate) Grade 3 Hypertension (severe)
<120 / <80
120-129 / 80-84 130-139 / 85-89 140-159 / 90-99 160-179 /100109 > 180 / >110
<120/<80
120-129 /80-84 130-139 / 85-89 140-159 / 90-99
Normal
Prehypertension Prehypertension Stage 1 Hypertension Stage 2 Hypertension
>160 / >100
> 140
< 90
Capillaries
Capillary Beds
Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels
Vascular shunt directly connects an arteriole to a venule
Figure 11.10
Slide
Capillary Beds
True capillaries exchange vessels Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.10
Slide
Figure 11.20
Slide
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