PERCEPTION

NISHA HARIYANI

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PERCEPTION

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Objectives of The Chapter

To understand
Meaning of Perception Sensation Vs Perception Sub processes of Perception Perceptual Selectivity Factors influencing Perception Perceptual Organization Social Perception Impression Management Linkage between Perception and Individual decision-making

What do You Understand by this Picture?

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Meaning of Perception
Perception may be defined as the process selects, by which an and individual interprets

organizes

stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the environment in which he

lives.
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Sensation Vs Perception
Sensation deals with the basic behavior of an individual, caused by his physiological functions. Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the environment in which he lives.
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Sub processes of Perception

External Environment Physical Environment Sociocultural Environment Consequences Confrontation Registration Interpretation

Feedback

Behavior

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Perceptual Selectivity
Though people are exposed to several stimuli , they tend to select only a few at a given point of time, this is perceptual selectivity. Subliminal Perception : when the stimuli is so subtle that an individual may not even be conscious that he is exposed to some stimulus.
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Factors Influencing Perceptual Selectivity

External Attention Factors Intensity Size Contrast Repetition Motion Novelty and familiarity

Internal Set Factors Learning and Perception Motivation and Perception

Personality and Perception

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External Attention Factors

Intensity According to the intensity principle of attention, the intensity of an external stimulus determines its probability of being perceived. Example: Light Colour Bright Colour

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External Attention Factors

Size: A larger object is more likely to be noticed than a smaller object. Example:

Which you can read fast?

God is great

God is great

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External Attention Factors

Contrast: According to the principles of contrast, the stimuli that contradict most with the background or the expectations of people receive maximum attention. Example: Which white square is smaller?

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External Attention Factors Contd

Motion: People gives more attention to moving objects than the stationery objects. Example: Moving object Stationery object

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External Attention Factors Contd

Repetition The more number of times a stimulus is repeated, the more it is likely to be noticed Novelty and Familiarity: New objects in a familiar situation or familiar objects in a new situation draw the perceivers attention.
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Internal Set Factors

Learning and Perception:

Learning by itself plays a major role in developing the perceptual set.

Example:
Hilly Terrrain Ahead

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Motivation and Perception: The primary motives: Hunger and Thirst The secondary motives: The need for power, The need for affiliation and The need for achievement Chapter-5

Personality and Perception:

Personality of a
person influence

perception

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Factors Influencing Perception

The Perceiver The Target The Situation

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Perceptual Organization
Emphasizes on the

subsequent activities
that take place in the perceptual Process after a stimulus is received.

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Forms of Perceptual Organization

Figure-ground Perceptual Grouping
Closure Continuity Proximity Similarity

Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Context Perceptual Defense

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Perceptual Organization
Figure-ground:
In perceiving stimuli or phenomena,

the

tendency
in

is

to
focus

keep
and

certain
other

phenomena

phenomena in background.

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Perceptual Grouping
An individual tends to group several stimuli together into a recognizable pattern. Various forms
Closure Continuity Proximity Similarity
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Perceptual Constancy
The perception of elements like size, shape, color, brightness and location of an object remains constant and does not change from individual to individual. Example: Photograph Perceptual Context It provides meaning and value to objects, events, situation and other people in the environment.
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Perceptual Defense
It refers to the screening of those elements which create conflict and

threatening situation in people.

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Social Perception
It is directly concerned with how one individual perceives other individuals; how we get to know others.
Factors affecting Social perception

Attribution

Stereotyping

The Halo Effect

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Attribution
Attribution refers to how people explain the cause of anothers or their own behavior. The determination depends on three factors:
Distinctiveness Consensus Consistency
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Stereotyping
It is the tendency to perceive another person as belonging to a single class or category

Halo effect
The person is perceived on the basis of one trait or event.
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Impression Management
It is referred to as self presentation It is the process by which people try to manage or control the perceptions formed by other people about themselves.

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Impression Management Strategies Used By Employees

Demotionpreventive strategy Accounts Apologies Disassociation

Promotion-enhancing strategy Entitlements Enhancements Obstacledisclosure Association

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Demotion-Preventive Strategy
It is used when employees want to minimize their responsibilities for negative outcome Accounts

Apologies
Disassociation

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Promotion-Enhancing Strategy:
It is used when employees want to maximize their responsibility for a positive outcome or improve their image

Entitlements
Enhancements

Obstacle-disclosure
Association
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Linkage Between Perception and Individual Decision-making

Perception has a crucial role in individual decision-making in organizations, by affecting both the decision as well as the quality of the decision. The decision taken by an individual is a complex process involving the intake of data, screening procession and interpreting and evaluating of data, based on the perceptions of the individual.
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Summary of The Chapter

Meaning of Perception Sensation Vs perception Sub processes of perception Perceptual selectivity Factors influencing perception Perceptual organization Social Perception Impression management Linkage between perception and individual decision-Making
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