A PRESENTATION ON CARBON NANOTUBES

Contents
# Discovery # Introduction # Properties # Synthesis # Applications

Discovery
Discovered by Sumio Iijima
Multi-walled Nanotube in 1991 Single-walled Nanotube in 1993

Introduction
# Basic Structure # Classification of Nanotube 1. Single-walled Nanotube 2. Multi-walled Nanotube

Basic Structure

Types of Nanotubes 1.Single Walled Nanotubes a. Zigzag b. Armchair c. Chiral

Single Walled Nanotubes

Single Walled Nanotubes

How to Classify ?

Chiral Vector R = na1 + ma2

Single Walled Nanotubes

d = (n2 + m2 + nm) 1/2 0.0783 nm

Chiral angle = tan-1(

n/(2m + n))

Ropes of Carbon Nanotubes

Lattice Parameter in CNT ropes = d + 0.34 nm

Types of Nanotubes
2. Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes

Properties of CNT
1. Physical
2. Optical 3. Electrical 4. Thermal 5. Elastic

Physical Properties
Average Diameter of SWNT Distance from opposite carbon atoms (line 1) Analogous Carbon atom separation (line 2) Parallel carbon bond separation (line 3) Carbon bond length (line4) C C tight bonding overlap energy Lattice constant Density (10,10) Armchair (17,0) Zigzag (12,6) Chiral Interlayer Spacing (n,n) Armchair (n,0) Zigzag (2n,n) Chiral 1.2-1.4 nm 2.83 A 2.456 A 2.45 A 1.42 A ~ 2.5 ev 17 A 1.33 g/cm3 1.34 g/cm3 1.40 g/cm3 3.38 3.41 3.39

Optical Properties
Fundamental Gap: For (n, m); n-m is divisible by 3 [Metallic] 0 eV For (n, m); n-m is not divisible by 3 [Semi-Conducting] ~ 0.5 eV Egap=2y0acc/d

Optical Properties
Density of States

Optical Properties

Electrical Properties

Resistance

6500

Maximum Current Density 1013 A/m2

Thermal Properties
Thermal Conductivity ~2000 W /m-K

Phonon Mean Free Path ~ 100 nm Relaxation Time ~ 10-11 s

Elastic Properties
Young's Modulus (SWNT) Young's Modulus (MWNT) ~ 1 Tpa 1.28 Tpa

Maximum Tensile Strength(MWCT) ~63 GPa

Electronic Properties

Synthesis Of carbon Nanotubes

1. Arc Method 2. Laser Ablation 3. Chemical Vapour Deposition

1. Arc Method
--Yield up to 30% by weight --Further purification is required

--Both SWNT and MWNT upto length of 50um can be produced

2. Laser Ablation
--Yield >70% by weight --Produces primarily SWNT
--Further purification is required

--Most expensive method

3. Chemical Vapour Deposition

Chemical Vapour Deposition --Large volume of CNTs can be formed

--Plasma enhanced chemical depositionsynthesize vertically aligned carbon nanotubes --Without the plasma, the resulting nanotubes are often randomly oriented

Advantages - Single-Walled Nanotubes

- Multi-Walled Nanotubes

Single-Walled Nanotubes
1.In MWNT-electron scattering, and electrical contact cannot be made reliably to all of the constituent nanotubes. 2. Less Defective 3. Experimental studies are easy to perform

Multi-Walled Nanotubes
1. Their resistance to chemicals is improved
2. Do not need a catalyst for growth

3. Do not contain magnetic impurities

Applications # Field Emission

# Molecular Electronics # Fibres and Fabrics # Conductive Plastics # Catalyst Supports # Biomedical Applications # Energy Storage