FORM 4

CHAPTER 2 : THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Matter

Element
Atom
The smallest neutral particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction

Compound
Molecule Ion
A positivelycharged or negativelycharged particle

A group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together

Neon gas

Hydrogen gas

Ammonia gas Sodium chloride

Historical Development of Atomic Models John Daltons J. J. Thomsons

Positively charged sphere

Negatively charged electron

Ernest Rutherfords
Electron

Nucleus that contains protons Electron moves around the nucleus Nucleus that contains protons Electron shell

Niels Bohrs

James Chadwicks

Electron Nucleus that contains protons and neutrons Electron shell

Representation of Element
Nucleon number

Proton number Nucleon number = number of neutrons + number of protons Proton number = number of protons

23 11

Na

Symbol of Element

Structure of An Atom of Element

Nucleus

e- eeee11p 12n

eee-

Number of valence electron (electron in the outermost shell) = 1 Electron Arrangement : 2.8.1

ee- eAn Atom of Sodium

Number of protons = proton number Number of neutrons = nucleon number proton number As an atom is neutral, number of electrons = number of protons

 Isotopes are atoms of the same element. having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

meaning

Isotopes
Uses of radioisotopes

Medicine (Cobalt-60) - To treat cancer patients

Agriculture (gamma rays) - To cause mutation in pests Industry (gamma rays, Sodium-24) - To control thickness of products, to detect leakages of underground pipes Food irradiation (gamma radiation of Cobalt-60) - To inhibit budding in potatoes Archeology (Carbon-14) - To estimate age of bones, wood and fossils

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

Arrangement and movement of particles in solid,liquid and gases.

Particles

Particles are very closely packed in orderly manner Vibrate and rotate about their fixed position Strong attraction forces between the particles Low energy content

are loosely packed and not in orderly manner Vibrate, rotate and glide on one another Intermediate attraction forces between the particles Higher energy contents

Particles are very loosely packed ,rotate and move randomly Weak attraction forces between the particles Highest energy content
6

DIFFUSION

Matter are made up of tiny and discrete particles that are constantly moving
Particles move from higher concentration region to lower concentration region

The rate of diffusion are lowest in solids

The rate of diffusion are lower in liquids

7 The rate of diffusion are highest in gases

INTER-CONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER

Heat absorbed Heat released

HEATING CURVE
F D B A BC- mixture of solid and liquid DE mixture of liquid and gas BC,DE the temperature remain constant because the heat energy supplied is absorbed is used to overcome the attraction between the particles E C

COOLING CURVE
A

C D

E F

BC mixture of gas and liquid DE mixture of liquid and solid BC,DE the temperature remain constant because heat released during freezing (bond formation) is 9 the same as heat loss to surrounding