Hyeong-Seok Yu

Vada Lab.
gargoyle@vada1.skku.ac.kr
Baseband Pulse Transmission
Correlative-Level Coding
Baseband M-ary PAM Transmission
Tapped-Delay-Line Equalization
Eye Pattern
Correlative-Level Coding
Correlative-level coding (partial response signaling)
adding ISI to the transmitted signal in a controlled
manner
Since ISI introduced into the transmitted signal is
known, its effect can be interpreted at the receiver
A practical method of achieving the theoretical
maximum signaling rate of 2W symbol per second in a
bandwidth of W Hertz
Using realizable and perturbation-tolerant filters
Correlative-Level Coding
Duobinary Signaling
Dou : doubling of the transmission capacity of a straight binary
system






Binary input sequence {b
k
} : uncorrelated binary symbol 1, 0

1 1
0 1
k
k
k
if symbol b is
a
if symbol b is
+

1
+ =
k k k
a a c
Correlative-Level Coding
Duobinary Signaling
Ideal Nyquist channel of bandwidth
W=1/2T
b
) exp( ) cos( ) ( 2
) exp( )] exp( ) )[exp( (
)] 2 exp( 1 )[ ( ) (
b b Nyquist
b b b Nyquist
b Nyquist I
fT j fT f H
fT j fT j fT j f H
fT j f H f H
t t
t t t
t
=
+ =
+ =

s
=
otherwise
T f
f H
b
Nyquist
2 / 1 | |
, 0
, 1
) (
2cos( ) exp( ), | | 1/ 2
( )
0,
b b b
I
fT j fT f T
H f
otherwise
t t s

) (
) / sin(
/ ) (
] / ) ( sin[
/
) / sin(
) (
2
t T t
T t T
T T t
T T t
T t
T t
t h
b
b b
b b
b b
b
b
I

+ =
t
t
t
t
t
t
Correlative-Level Coding
Duobinary Signaling
The tails of h
I
(t) decay as 1/|t|
2
, which is a faster rate of decay
than 1/|t| encountered in the ideal Nyquist channel.
Let represent the estimate of the original pulse a
k
as
conceived by the receiver at time t=kT
b


Decision feedback : technique of using a stored estimate of the
previous symbol
Propagate : drawback, once error are made, they tend to
propagate through the output
Precoding : practical means of avoiding the error propagation
phenomenon before the duobinary coding
^
k
a
^
1
^

=
k k k
a c a
Correlative-Level Coding
Duobinary Signaling
{d
k
} is applied to a pulse-amplitude modulator, producing a
corresponding two-level sequence of short pulse {a
k
}, where +1 or
1 as before
1
1 1
0
k k
k
symbol if either symbol b or d is
d
symbol otherwise

1
+ =
k k k
a a c
1
=
k k k
d b d
1 0
0 2
k
k
k
if data symbol b is
c
if data symbol b is

Correlative-Level Coding
Duobinary Signaling
|c
k
|=1 : random guess in favor of symbol 1 or 0

0 , 1 | |
1 , 1 | |
is b symbol say c If
is b symbol say c If
k k
k k
>
<
Correlative-Level Coding
Modified Duobinary Signaling
Nonzero at the origin : undesirable
Subtracting amplitude-modulated pulses spaced 2T
b
second

1
+ =
k k k
a a c
( ) ( )[1 exp( 4 )]
2 ( )sin(2 ) exp( 2 )
IV Nyquist b
Nyquist b b
H f H f j fT
jH f fT j fT
t
t t
=
=
2 sin(2 ) exp( 2 ), | | 1/ 2
( )
0,
b b b
IV
j fT j fT f T
H f
elsewhere
t t s

2
sin( / ) sin[ ( 2 ) / ]
( )
/ ( 2 ) /
2 sin( / )
(2 )
b b b
IV
b b b
b b
b
t T t T T
h t
t T t T T
T t T
t T t
t t
t t
t
t

Correlative-Level Coding
Modified Duobinary Signaling
precoding

2
2
1 1
0
k k k
k k
d b d
symbol if either symbol b or d is
symbol otherwise

Correlative-Level Coding
Modified Duobinary Signaling
|c
k
|=1 : random guess in favor of symbol 1 or 0

| | 1, 1
| | 1, 0
k k
k k
If c say symbol b is
If c say symbol b is
>
<
Correlative-Level Coding
Generalized form of correlative-level coding
|c
k
|=1 : random guess in favor of symbol 1 or 0

Type of
class
N w
0
w
1
w
2
w
3
w
4
comments
I 2 1 1 Duobinary
II 3 1 2 1
III 3 2 1 1
IV 3 1 0 1 Modified
V 5 -1 0 2 0 -1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
sin ) (
N
n
b
n
n
T
t
c w t h
Baseband M-ary PAM Trans.
Produce one of M possible
amplitude level
T : symbol duration
1/T: signaling rate, symbol per
second, bauds
Equal to log
2
M bit per second
T
b
: bit duration of equivalent
binary PAM :
To realize the same average
probability of symbol error,
transmitted power must be
increased by a factor of M
2
/log
2
M
compared to binary PAM
M T T
b 2
log =