ENCLOSING FRAMED SUPERSTRUCTURES

ENCLOSING FRAMED SUPERSTRUCTURES WHY THE FRAMEWORK IS ENCOSED

Our starting point in a building framework of wood, steel or concrete. The framework is by itself is of very little value. It needs to be enclosed with an exterior skin that will keep out sun, rain, snow, wind, heat, cold, and air pollutants such as dust and smoke.

ENCLOSING FRAMED SUPERSTRUCTURES WHY THE FRAMEWORK IS ENCOSED

Building such as house, school, or an office building requires some additional features to make them useful and attractive. The features which enclose the inside of the building are floors, ceilings, partitions, and the insides of exteriors walls. This features permit control of the temperature, humidity, light, and noise inside the building. It also improve the appearance by hiding utility lines and by providing attractive textures, colors, and decorative details.

ENCLOSING FRAMED SUPERSTRUCTURES WHO ENCLOSES THE FRAMEWORK?

The architect usually selects the methods and materials for enclosing the framework of a building. He makes selections based on appearance, economy, and the purpose for which the rooms will be used, and upon the recommendations of a structural engineer who may design the frame in a large building.

ENCLOSING FRAMED SUPERSTRUCTURES WHO ENCLOSES THE FRAMEWORK?

The general contractor is responsible for enclosing the building although he may subcontract parts of the job such as roofing , tilework, and painting to specialty sub-contractors.
Many different types of craftsmen are employed. There are carpenters, masons roofer, sheet metal workers, glaziers (who install glass), laborers, painters, tile setters, cement finishers, paperhangers, and ironworkers.

ROOFING

ROOFING

As a top cover of a building, the roof protects the inside from damage by wind, rain, and snow. A roof may also add to the appearance or character of a building.
A roof is a watertight skin which covers the top of a building. The roof is usually put on before exterior walls are started and before floors are laid.

ROOFING
TYPES OF ROOF
FLAT ROOF A flat roof is seldom really level. Usually it has a very slight lope or slant. It is used mostly in commercial or industrial construction. Flat roofs are those slope is less than 1 in 4 and use waterproof membranes (also called Low Slope)

ROOFING
TYPES OF ROOF
PITCHED ROOF A pitched roof has a much greater slant or slope than a flat roof. It is most often used for houses, but it may be applied to other structures to achieve a pleasing architectural effect. Also, some buildings have a straight or curved sloping roof. An example might be a church or a large auditorium. Pitched roofs have slopes of 1 in 4 or greater and generally use shingles

Pitched Roof: Clay Tiles

Metal Roofing

ROOFING
ADVANTAGE OF FLAT ROOFS

The biggest advantage of a flat roof is that the space directly underneath is completely usable.
A flat roof offers several cost advantages. It has the least amount of floor space covered. It uses the cheapest materials. The roofing operation can be done by the most modern mechanized equipment.

ROOFING
ADVANTAGE OF FLAT ROOFS

Sometimes a flat roof requires a heavier framework than does a pitch roof. However, the cost advantages of a flat roof nearly always outweigh this disadvantage. Accordingly, flat roofs are most common for large buildings unless a specific architectural effect is desired for the sake of appearance or utility.

ROOFING
SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK A roof is supported by the framework of a building. The part of the framework that lies directly under the roof is a system of concrete, steel, or wooden rafters, beams, trusses, or reinforced concrete slab.

ROOFING
DECK On top of the supporting framework, the roof deck is laid. The deck supports many things: 1. Weight of the roof, 2. The snow or rain, 3. Roof-top equipment such as air conditioning units, and 4. Equipment used by the roofer.

ROOFING
DECK

The deck may be made of steel, prestressed concrete, plywood, gypsum, vermiculite, shredded wood fibers, or fiberboard. Roofs usually cover large areas and are subjected to wide variations in temperature, Therefore, roof decks are constructed with expansion joints. The decking is laid by a roof-deck contractor or by a general contractor.

ROOFING
INSULATION The outside of the building consists of the exterior walls and the roof. On a modern one-story factory, the roof area may be as much as 95% of the total surface. It is important that the roof be properly insulated to prevent the loss of heat in the winter and cooled air in the summer.

ROOFING
BUILT-UP ROOFING MATERIALS

90% of all flat roofs are of the built-up type. Three kinds of materials re combined in a built-up roof: roofing felt, bitumen (asphalt or tar), and gravel (or slag)
Roofing felt is a mat of fiber which has been soaked (at the factory) in bitumen. It comes in rolls 36 wide and in a number of weights

ROOFING
BUILT-UP ROOFING MATERIALS The bitumen is a thin liquid when heated, and it is easy to apply. However, when it cools, it becomes a soft and flexible solid. It seals against the passage of water.

ROOFING
BUILT-UP ROOFING MATERIALS

The gravel or sag consists of pieces about he size of a pea. It has many uses: To protect the roof against foot traffic To help the roof resist uplift (Blowing of the wind) To protect the bitumen from the direct rays of the sun, and To reflect and absorb the heat of the sun, thus keeping the roof cooler.

ROOFING
LAYING A BUILT-UP ROOF

In laying a built-up roof, the bitumen is heated and spread, or mopped on top of the insulation. A roll of felt is laid in the hot bitumen, and more bitumen is mopped over three-fourths of its width. On top of the bitumen, another strip of felt is laid so that it laps over three-fourths of the with of the previous strip of felt.
On top of the last layer of felt is spread a heavier layer of bitumen called flood coat. The gravel or slag is spread evenly and embedded in the flood coat while it is still hot. A smooth surface on a roof is simply finished with a flood coat. No gravel or slag is used.

ROOFING
LAYING A BUILT-UP ROOF

On top of the last layer of felt is spread a heavier layer of bitumen called flood coat. The gravel or slag is spread evenly and embedded in the flood coat while it is still hot. A smooth surface on a roof is simply finished with a flood coat. No gravel or slag is used.

ROOFING
FLASHINGS

Flashing are strips of materials which seal the joint between roofing and anything else that projects or rises above it. Flashing are needed at the edges of built-up roofing, around pipes, vents, and chimneys, and at expansion joints.

GREEN ROOFS
A significant environmental improvement to roofing applications has been the invention or adoption of green roof practices. Green roofs are installed over a modified version of more conventional flat roofs, and are normally comprised of a system that is sold by several green roof manufacturers (like Soprema) These roofs have been used widely in Europe for many years Two main types:
intensive (thicker growth medium required for larger plants) extensive (thinner, lighter growth medium required for smaller plants) - this one is more popular

Mountain Equipment Coop, Toronto:

This environmentally conscious retailer has chosen to use green building practices on their buildings.

Vancouver Public Library:

The green roof on VPL is not accessible to the public (has no guard rails at the edge) and is planted with grasses. The idea being to reduce urban heat island while providing a nice view for taller buildings adjacent

YMCA Environmental Learning Centre:

This building illustrates the ability to install a green roof in a sloped situation

Fairmont Hotel, Vancouver:

Green Roof Benefits:

Planting reduces urban heat island effects planting can be used to absorb rain water and decrease water that must be processed by the urban storm sewer system visually pleasing additional insulation

Green Roof Drawbacks:

Why not do a green roof? Additional first expense additional structure required to support roof plants must be hardy and not need watering (over the long term) watering essential during the first 2 or so years until roots become established

 Roof and membrane failures are the most often litigated parts of a building good detailing is paramount never use materials or systems that have not been approved or tested by a reputable agency