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Trauma & Emergency System Neonatologi Division.Department of Child Health Medical Faculty of Hasanuddin University
Definition
Seizures are transient disturbances in brain function manifesting as episodic impairments in consciousness in association with abnormal motor or automatic activity.
DISORDER
Hypoxemia, ischemia, and hypoglycemia
Deficit of inhibitory neurotransmitter (i.e., relative excess of excitatory neurotransmitter) Membrane alteration Na + Hypocalcemia and Permeability hypomagnesemia _________________________________________________________________
Volpe JJ.Neonatal Seizures:Neurology of the Newborn.4th ed.
Clinical Electroencephalographic
Classification
I. Clinical Seizure Subtle Tonic Clonic Myoclonic II. Electroencephalographic seizure Epileptic Non-epileptic
..Clinical Classification
1. Subttle Usually occurs in association with other types of seizures and may manifest with: Stereotypic movements of the extremities such as bicycling or swimming movements. Deviation or jerking of the eyes with repetitive blinking Drooling, sucking or chewing movements. Apnea or sudden changes in respiratory patterns. Rhythmic fluctuations in vital signs More in preterm than in term
..Clinical Classification
2. Tonic Primarily in Preterm May be focal or generalized Sustained extension of the upper and lower limbs (mimics decerebrate posturing) Sustained flexion of upper with extension of lower limbs (mimics decorticate posturing) Signals severe ICH in preterm infants In 85% of cases are not associated with any autonomic changes such as increases in heart rate or blood pressure, or skin flushing.
..Clinical Classification
3. Clonic
Consist of slow (1-3 /minute) rhythmic jerking movements of the extremities. They may be focal or multi-focal. Each movement is composed of a rapid phase followed by a slow one. Changing the position or holding the moving limb does not suppress the movements. Commonly seen in full-term neonates >2500 grams Consciousness may be preserved Signals focal cerebral injury, infarction or metabolic disturbances.
..Clinical Classification
4. Myoclonic
Focal, multifocal, or generalized Focal myoclonic seizures typically involve the flexor muscles of the extremities. Multi-focal myoclonic seizures present as asynchronous twitching of several parts of the body. Generalized myoclonic seizures present as massive flexion of the head and trunk with extension or flexion of the extremities. They are associated with diffuse CNS pathology
Electroencephalographic seizure
I. Epileptic Consistently associated with electro-cortical seizure activity on the EEG Cannot be provoked by tactile stimulation Cannot be suppressed by restraint of involved limb or repositioning of the infant Related to hyper synchronous discharges of a critical mass of neuron
Electroencephalographic seizures
II. Non-epileptic No electro-cortical signature: seizures are initiated in the subcortical area and are not usually associated with any EEG changes. Provoked by stimulation Suppressed by restraint or repositioning Brainstem release phenomena (reflex)
CLINICAL SEIZURE
COMMON
UNCOMMON
Subtle +* Clonic Focal + Multifocal + Tonic Focal + Generalized + Myoclonic Focal, multifocal + Generalized + --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*Only specific varieties of subtle seizures are commonly associate with simultaneous Electroencephalographic seizure activity. Volpe JJ.Neonatal Seizures:Neurology of the Newborn.4th ed.
Abnormality of gaze or eye movement Movements exquisitely stimulus sensitive Predominant movement Movements cease with passive flexion Autonomic changes The flexion and extension phases are equal in amplitude EEG abnormalities
+ -
Tremor
+
Clonic jerking
-
+
-
+ +/-
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......Jitteriness (cont)
often seen in neonates with hypoglycemia, drug withdrawal, hypocalcemia, hypothermia and in (SGA) neonates. spontaneously resolve within few weeks.
Diagnosis of Seizures
A. History Obtain a good maternal and obstetric history; Pregnancy history is important Search for history that supports TORCH infections History of fetal distress, preeclampsia or maternal infections Maternal drug history Delivery history: type of delivery and antecedent events Apgar scores offer some guidance : Low Apgar score without the need for resuscitation and subsequent neonatal intensive care is unlikely to be associated with neonatal seizures
..Diagnosis of Seizures
Postnatal history Neonatal seizures in infants without uneventful antenatal history and delivery may result from postnatal cause Tremulousness may be secondary to drug withdrawal or hypocalcemia Temperature and blood pressure instability may suggest infection.
Diagnosis of Seizures
A. Physical examination Determine : Gestational age Blood pressure Presence oh skin lesion Precense of hepatosplenomegaly B. Neurologic evaluation C. Notation of the seizure pattern ( onset, spread, nature, duration, and level of conciousness)
Laboratory Investigations
Primary tests Blood glucose Blood calcium and magnesium Complete blood count, differential leukocytic count and platelet count Electrolytes Arterial blood gas Cerebral spinal fluid analysis and cultures Blood cultures
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and amino acids in urine. EEG Normal in about 1/3 of cases Cranial ultrasound For hemorrhage and scarring CT To diagnose cerebral malformations and hemorrhage
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Management of Seizures
Management goals To minimize brain damage Achieve systemic homeostasis (airway, breathing and circulation). Correct the underlying cause if possible.
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It is the drug of Hypotension 10-20 mg/kg. choice. Apnea Add 5 mg/kg to Administer IV a maximum of over 5 minutes. 40 mg/kg Therapeutic level: 20-40 g/ml. Maintenance: Administer IM, Monitor 3-5 mg/kg/day respiratory IV, or PO every in divided status during 12 hours. doses every 12 Begin therapy administration hours. and assess IV 12 hours after site. loading dose.
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When seizures are not controlled with phenobarbital alone. Phenytoin Loading dose: Administer IV at 15-20 mg/kg IV a maximum rate over 30 min. of 0.5 mg/kg/min Maintenance: 4 Maintenance: 8 mg/kg/day by 3-5 mg/kg/day. IV push or PO. Divide total dose and administer IV every 12 hours. Do not give IM. Toxicity is a problem with this drug. Cardiac arrhythmias Cerebellar damage
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Medical Management : 10% dextrose solution (2cc/kg IV) empirically to any seizing neonate. Anticonvulsant drugs Calcium gluconate (200mg/kg IV), if hypocalcemia is suspected . Magnesium sulfate 50%, 0.2ml/kg or 2 mEq/kg. In pyridoxine dependency give pyridoxine 50mg IV as a therapeutic trial. Seizures will stop within minutes. Antibiotics in suspected sepsis. Be prepared to manage any complication
No specific practice guidelines for the timing for stopping these medications, however: AEDs two weeks after last seizure episode is acceptable as prolonged medication can adversely affect the developing brain.
Stopping
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Discontinuation before discharging from the neonatal unit is generally recommended unless the neonate demonstrates a significant brain lesion on head sonogram or CT, or abnormal neurological signs at the time of discharge.
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Prognosis
Two most useful approaches in utilizing outcome
Complications
Neurology outpatient evaluation Developmental evaluation for early identification of physical or cognitive deficits Orthopedic evaluations if with joint deformities Consider physical medicine/physical therapy referral if indicated
References
1.Volpe JJ.Neonatal seizures. In:Neurology of the newborn.4th ed.Philadelphia,Pa:WB Saunders's Co;2001:178-214 2.Hahn J,Olson D.Etiology of neonatal seizures.NeoReviews.2004;5:327-335 3.Riviello,J.Drug therapy for neonatal seizures:Part I.NeoReviews.2004;5:215-220 4.Riviello,J.Drug therapy for neonatal seizures:Part II.NeoReviews.2004;5:262-268 5.Fanaroff A,Martin R,Neonatal seizures.In:Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine-Diseases of the fetus and infant.6th ed.St.Louis,MO:Mosby-Yearbook Inc.1997:899-911 6.Sheth R, Neonatal seizures;Emedicine.com
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