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Biology

The circulatory system

The structure of the heart

The structure of the heart


The right side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood The left side of the heart carries oxygenated blood The heart has three layers. The outer covering is the pericardium. This is a tough sack that surrounds the heart. The middle layer is the myocardium. This is the heart muscle. The inner layer is the endocardium. This is the thin smooth lining of the chambers of the heart.

The structure of the heart


The four valves of the heart are:
Atria to ventricle valves
Tricuspid valve blood goes from right atrium to right ventricle Mitral valve blood goes from left atrium to left ventricle

Ventricles to arteries
Pulmonic valve blood goes out of the right ventricle to the lungs (through the pulmonic artery) Aortic valve blood goes out of the left ventricle to the body (through the aorta)

The structure of the heart


The sino-atrial node (SA Node)
group of cells in the right atria. These cells start an electrical impulse. This electrical impulse travels through the atria making them contract.
This motion is called 'atrial systole'. Once electrical impulse goes through the atrio-ventricular node (AV Node.)

The AV Node makes the impulse slow down.

Circulation
Two types of circulation
Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

Circulation
Two types of circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Lungs and heart

Systemic circulation
Rest of body and heart

Blood Vessels
The main blood vessels are:
Arteries Veins capillaries

Arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins

Blood Vessels
Also see:

Blood Vessels

Blood
Cells WBC RBC Platelets Plasma

Blood

Exchange of materials between cells

Blood clotting

Effect of Smoking 1. 2. 3. 4. Hardening of the arteries. Increased risk of heart disease. Raised blood pressure. Increased risk of stroke.

Effect of Diet 1. High Blood Pressure: excessive salt. 2. Clogged arteries from fatty foods. 3. Low Blood Pressure: lack of protein. Effect of Exercise 1. Lower resting heart rate more efficient heart. 2. Dilated arteries caused by aerobic exercise improved blood flow to all the organs and less risk of heart disease.

Bibliography
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart www.wikipedia.com/circulation http://leavingbio.net/circulatory%20system/circu latory%20system.htm http://bodysystemsrlj00.blogspot.in/2012/07/gas-exchange-in-lungsbreathing-in.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/10 7200/The-alveoli-and-capillaries-in-the-lungsexchange-oxygen-for

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