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AC MOTOR BASICS

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Purpose of an AC Motor

Electrical Energy

Mechanical Energy

The purpose of an AC Motor is to Convert Electrical Energy into Mechanical Energy

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Typical Motor Components

Non-Sparking, Corrosion Resistant and Bidirectional Cooling Fans
Lubrication and Pipe Plugs

Inner Bearings Caps

Eyebolts

Shaft Run Out

Computer Designed

Positive Lubrication System

Rotatable Diagonally Split Conduit Boxes

Integrally Cast Frame

Modern Nonhygroscopic Insulation System

Open Bearing Construction

Cast Iron E nd Shields

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AC Motor Construction
Stator Laminations

Stator Winding Assembly Die-cast Rotor Assembly

3 Phase Winding Circuit w/Connections T1, T2 & T3

Motor Shaft

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AC MOTOR CONSTRUCTION
Motor Frame Assembly Rotor Assembly Stator Winding Assembly

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Bar Magnet

Lines of Flux
Flux Density = # of Flux Lines / per unit area

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Magnetic Poles
Unlike Poles Attract S N S N

Like Poles Repel

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Current Carrying Conductor

Conductor Lines of Flux

Current Flow

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Electromagnetic Coil
Flux Density Dependant on: Current # of Coils Core Material

Lines of Flux

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Electo-magnetic Coils

Direction of Current determines Magnetic Polarity

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Stator Windings
Electromagnetic Coils
(Motor Windings)
A1

B2

C2

Core C1 B1

A2

Stator

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AC Power
Phase Frequency Voltage

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3 Phase AC Power
Phase - defines the type of electrical power being supplied to the motor Frequency - defines how many times a second AC changes direction: from positive to negative
Voltage - defines the amplitude of electric power

Note: US Standard = 60 cycles per second (60 Hz)

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3 Phase AC Power
Each phase is displace 120

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Rotating Magnetic Field

Time 2
A1 B2 S S C2 C1 N N B1 A2 B2 N C2

Time 4
A1 S C1 S B1 N A2

Time 6
B2 N C2 A1 N C1 S B1

Time 1
A1 N
B2 S C2 C1 N B1 S A2

Time 3
B2 S C2 A1 S C1 NB1

Time Time5 5
A1 B2N N C2 A2 C1 S S B1

S A2

Time Time 7 7
B2
S C2 A1 N C1 N B1

N A2

S A2

A B C
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Time

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AC Motor Rotor

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How Rotor Current Is Generated

Rotor Field Created By Rotor Field Created by Induced Induced Current Flow Current Flow in Rotor Conductors In Rotor Conductors

Rotating Magnetic Field of Stator

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Synchronous Speed
Synchronous Speed - The speed of the stators magnetic field rotation 120 x F RPM =

P
F P is Applied Frequency is Number of Poles per Phase

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AC Motor Basics
2 Pole Motor Motor RPM is equal to: 120 * Frequency # Motor Poles

Note that Frequency is the only variable to affect motor speed

Rotating Magnetic Field of a 2 Pole AC Induction Motor

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Synchronous Speed
Synchronous Speed (60 Hz) = 7200 # of Poles

2 pole AC motor = 3600 rpm 4 pole AC motor = 1800 rpm 6 pole AC motor = 1200 rpm 8 pole AC motor = 900 rpm

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Parts of an AC Motor
Electro-Magnets

Rotor Stator

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Base Speed
The Speed Produced by Applying Motor Nameplate Rated Voltage at Rated Frequency

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Motor Slip
N

Slip Speed = Synchronous Speed Rotor Speed

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Motor Slip
50 rpm Slip

O rpm

900 rpm

1750 Base Speed

1800 Sync Speed

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AC Motor Review
In an AC motor, speed varies by: RPM = 120F - Slip P

Where: F is frequency in hertz P is the # of motor poles Slip is in RPM

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AC Motor Review
Horsepower of an AC motor can be determined by:

HP =

Torque x Speed 5252

Where: Torque is in lb-ft Speed is in RPM 5252 is a constant

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Motor nameplate Horsepower is achieved at Base RPM:

HP = Torque * Speed / 5252

Constant Torque Range Constant Horsepower Range

Torque 100%

Note that motor nameplate horsepower is only achieved at and above base speed, NOT BEFORE. Base Speed RPM

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Motor Classifications
NEMA A NEMA B NEMA C NEMA D

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Speed & Current Relationship for Reluctance Induction Motor

600

Current

400

% Current

200

0 25 50 75 100

% Speed

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Typical Current & Torque Relationship for Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
600

Current
400

% Current and % Torque

200

Torque

0 25 50 75 100

% Speed

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Speed / Torque Curve

Breakaway or Starting Torque
225 200

Maximum or Break-Down Torque

Pull-Up Torque Torque

150

150% Torque

% Torque
100

Rated Torque

0 25 50 75 100

% Speed

Synchronous

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Review of How Motor Works

Motor converts Electrical Energy to Rotating Mechanical Energy Coils placement in motor creates rotating, magnetic field in stator Rotating magnetic field cuts rotor bar and induces current in rotor Rotor current creates magnetic field on rotor Attraction of rotor to stator creates torque and, hence, horsepower