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Mohammed Usman
Recall
Bandwidth is a scarce and expensive resource Primary design objective: Minimize the required
transmission BW maximize BW efficiency Spread spectrum systems: use transmission BW much greater than minimum required BW BW inefficient for a single user BUT, with spread spectrum, several users can share the same BW without significantly interfering with one another With multiple users sharing the same BW, spread spectrum systems exhibit high spectral efficiency
Spread Spectrum
Narrowband (High Peak Power)
Power
Frequency
making it difficult to be detected and intercepted Spread spectrum receivers can be designed such that multipath can be used to advantage reducing ISI Transmitted power is spread over a wide frequency band low PSD SS systems cause minimal interference to other narrowband systems Allows multiple users to operate in the same frequency band with minimal interference
Signal of BW = Rs
Spreading operation
For sync
txb d t pnt
must multiply the received sequence with the same pseudo-random code that was used at the transmitter pnr = pnt
d r rxb pnr
If pnr pnt, there is no de-spreading action A receiver that does not know pnt, cannot reproduce
De-spreading
Despread data d r rxb pnr Assuming error free channel rxb = txb
d r (d t pnt ) pnt d t ( pnt pnt ) PN sequence selected such that auto-correlation is maximum pnt pnt 1 for all t Therefore, dr = dt If pnr pnt d r rxb pnr (d t pnt ) pnr d t ( pnt pnr ) PN sequence selected such that pnt pnr 1 (ideally zero ) for all r t
Cross correlation is very small Orthogonal property of codes
interference i.e. To recover the original signal, multiply the received data with the same PN sequence used at the transmitter
Since pnt x pnt =1, Multiplying the interfering signal i with pnt spreads the interfering signal, thereby lowering its power density After de-spreading, data is narrowband (Rs) and interference is wideband (Rc) LPF is used to extract the desired data and filter off most
of the interference
Source of wideband interference Other SS users operating in the same frequency band (multiple access) & Gaussian Noise
PN Sequences
Choice of proper PN sequences is important for spread
spectrum systems Auto-correlation must be maximum for perfect synchronization of two identical sequences
Autocorrelation is a measure of agreement between a sequence and time shifted versions of itself
Cross-correlation must be zero (ideally) for all shifts of two different codes orthogonal
In practice, codes are not perfectly orthogonal
PN Sequences
Multiple users share the same frequency spectrum and are distinguished by their respective PN codes
For large number of users sharing the spectrum, PN codes must be chosen carefully to avoid interference between users
Each user has its own PN code and uses the same BW All active users transmit simultaneously
CDMA
Suppose user 1s data is required at the receiver Multiply received signal with pn1 Only user 1s data is de-spread. All other users produce noise for user 1
contributes more noise Power control is necessary in CDMA to ensure received signal (at the BS) from all users is of the same power If all users transmit the same power, signal from a nearby receiver will be stronger than signal from far-away receiver NEAR-FAR problem Transmit power of all users is controlled such that received signal from all users is same (Prx) If there are N simultaneous users, there are (N-1) interferers Prx 1 SNR ( N 1) Prx N 1
time delay between the two paths Receiver PN code synchronized with PN code corresponding to direct path Receiver PN code will be out of sync with the reflected path PN code by an amount pn(t) x pn(t-) will be very small for greater than one chip interval Un-correlated paths do not contribute to multipath fading Multipath signal not synchronized with receiver PN code are therefore rejected
Summary
SS system advantages Signal hiding under SS system drawbacks
noise security Low PSD does not interfere with other systems Multiple access (CDMA) Resistance to jamming, multipath fading and interference Low probability of interception