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Lecture 7 Spread Spectrum Dr.

Mohammed Usman

Recall
Bandwidth is a scarce and expensive resource Primary design objective: Minimize the required

transmission BW maximize BW efficiency Spread spectrum systems: use transmission BW much greater than minimum required BW BW inefficient for a single user BUT, with spread spectrum, several users can share the same BW without significantly interfering with one another With multiple users sharing the same BW, spread spectrum systems exhibit high spectral efficiency

Spread Spectrum
Narrowband (High Peak Power)

Power

Spread Spectrum (Low Peak Power)

Frequency

Spread spectrum advantages


Resistance to narrowband interference & jamming

Security signal can be hidden below the noise floor

making it difficult to be detected and intercepted Spread spectrum receivers can be designed such that multipath can be used to advantage reducing ISI Transmitted power is spread over a wide frequency band low PSD SS systems cause minimal interference to other narrowband systems Allows multiple users to operate in the same frequency band with minimal interference

Spread spectrum - terminology


Processing gain Gp = Rc/Rs

Signal of BW = Rs

Also called as spreading factor or expansion factor


Gp represents the factor by which interference is suppressed relative to the desired signal, when operating in the same band Gp is of the order of 100 to 1000 in commercial applications and up to a million in military applications

Spreading operation

Spreading signal BW = Rc >> Rs

Types of spread spectrum


Signal of BW = Rs Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Spreading operation Chirp Spread Spectrum Time Hopping Spread Spectrum Hybrid system
COMMERCIAL CLASSIFIED

Spreading signal BW = Rc >> Rs

Narrowband vs Spread spectrum


Spread signal is embedded below the noise floor hard to detect and intercept Signal is spread over a wide frequency band difficult to jam Low PSD does not interfere with other narrowband systems

Narrowband transmission easy to intercept and jam

Spread spectrum modulation

txb =dt x pnt

Spread Spectrum Demodulation

For sync

pnr = pnt dr =rxb x pnr

Spreading and de-spreading


Spreading

txb d t pnt

For a receiver to decode the transmitted sequence, it

must multiply the received sequence with the same pseudo-random code that was used at the transmitter pnr = pnt

d r rxb pnr

If pnr pnt, there is no de-spreading action A receiver that does not know pnt, cannot reproduce

the transmitted data

De-spreading
Despread data d r rxb pnr Assuming error free channel rxb = txb

d r (d t pnt ) pnt d t ( pnt pnt ) PN sequence selected such that auto-correlation is maximum pnt pnt 1 for all t Therefore, dr = dt If pnr pnt d r rxb pnr (d t pnt ) pnr d t ( pnt pnr ) PN sequence selected such that pnt pnr 1 (ideally zero ) for all r t
Cross correlation is very small Orthogonal property of codes

Spread spectrum in the presence of interference


Consider transmitting a spread spectrum signal txb Received signal rxb is transmitted signal plus

interference i.e. To recover the original signal, multiply the received data with the same PN sequence used at the transmitter
Since pnt x pnt =1, Multiplying the interfering signal i with pnt spreads the interfering signal, thereby lowering its power density After de-spreading, data is narrowband (Rs) and interference is wideband (Rc) LPF is used to extract the desired data and filter off most

of the interference

Spread spectrum with narrowband interference

Spread spectrum with wideband interference

Source of wideband interference Other SS users operating in the same frequency band (multiple access) & Gaussian Noise

PN Sequences
Choice of proper PN sequences is important for spread

spectrum systems Auto-correlation must be maximum for perfect synchronization of two identical sequences

Autocorrelation is a measure of agreement between a sequence and time shifted versions of itself

Cross-correlation must be zero (ideally) for all shifts of two different codes orthogonal
In practice, codes are not perfectly orthogonal

PN Sequences

Cross-correlation must therefore be as small as possible to avoid performance degradation


Cross-correlation is a measure of agreement between two different codes pni and pnj It defines the interference between codes pni and pnj

Multiple users share the same frequency spectrum and are distinguished by their respective PN codes

For large number of users sharing the spectrum, PN codes must be chosen carefully to avoid interference between users

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)


Multiplexing users by distinct (orthogonal codes)

Each user has its own PN code and uses the same BW All active users transmit simultaneously

CDMA
Suppose user 1s data is required at the receiver Multiply received signal with pn1 Only user 1s data is de-spread. All other users produce noise for user 1

Power control in CDMA


Each user is a source of noise for other users If more power is received from an undesired user, it

contributes more noise Power control is necessary in CDMA to ensure received signal (at the BS) from all users is of the same power If all users transmit the same power, signal from a nearby receiver will be stronger than signal from far-away receiver NEAR-FAR problem Transmit power of all users is controlled such that received signal from all users is same (Prx) If there are N simultaneous users, there are (N-1) interferers Prx 1 SNR ( N 1) Prx N 1

As N increases, SNR decreases BER increases

Multipath rejection in CDMA

time delay between the two paths Receiver PN code synchronized with PN code corresponding to direct path Receiver PN code will be out of sync with the reflected path PN code by an amount pn(t) x pn(t-) will be very small for greater than one chip interval Un-correlated paths do not contribute to multipath fading Multipath signal not synchronized with receiver PN code are therefore rejected

Summary
SS system advantages Signal hiding under SS system drawbacks

noise security Low PSD does not interfere with other systems Multiple access (CDMA) Resistance to jamming, multipath fading and interference Low probability of interception

Does not do anything to deal with Gaussian noise Increased BW

Increased complexity and computation

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