Basics of serial

communication
 PARALLEL TO
PROCESSO SERIAL DEVICE
R MODEM

(PARALLEL (SERIAL)
SERIAL TO
)
PARALLEL
 CLK

TRANSMIT SYNC SYNC RECEIVER

TER

DATA
 ASYNCHRONOUS
TRANSMISSION
Start and stop bits
SYNCHRONOUS
• BLOCK OF DATA TRANSMITTED ALONG
WITH SYNC INFORMATION
• HIGH SPEED TRANSMISSION

ASYNCHRONOUS
•CHARACTER CARRIES INFORMATION WITH
START AND STOP BITS
•WHEN NO DATA IS TRANSMITTED RECEIVER
STAYS AT LOGIC 1 CALLED MARK ; LOGIC 0
CALLED SPACE
•TRANSMISSION STARTS WITH ONE START
BIT AND ONE OR MORE STOP BITS . THIS IS
FRAMING
Serial Interfaces: RS-232

•DB25S is a 25 pin connector with

full RS-232 functionality
•The computer socket has a female
outer casing with male connecting
pins
•The terminating cable connector
has a male outer casing with
female connecting pins
TTL to RS-232
 Types of equipment

DTE Data Terminal Equipment

Originally applied to CRT terminals or other input
devices
Today, DTE mainly applies to a computer

DCE Data Communication Equipment

Originally applied to modems or similar communications
equipment
 Still applies today

A modem is a device that converts a digital signal (e.g.

from
an RS232 interface) to an analogue signal for
transmission
over a traditional telephone line (MODEM: MOdulator-
 VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
LEVEL LEVEL
+3V TO -3V TO
+15 V -15 V
LOGIC 0 LOGIC 1

BUT
USUSALLY YEP…. THATS
LOGIC 1  RIGHT…..
+12V HERE WE USE
LOGIC 0- NEGATIVE TRUE
12V LOGIC
????!!!!!!
• TO MAKE RS 232 COMPATIBLE WITH TTL LOGIC ,
• VOLTAGE TRANSLATORS CALLED LINE DRIVERS
& LINE RECEIVERS ARE USED
RS232 pins
SIGNA
LS OF
RS232
11 bits required to send a single character (10 if
one stop bits are used)
 Bit rate (bits/sec): actual rate at which bits are
transmitted
Baud rate: rate at which the signalling
elements, used to represent bits, are transmitted
 TX RX
DTE 2 2

MICRO RX TX
DCE
COMPUT3 3

ER GND
MODEM
7 7
 TX TX
2 2

DTE 3
RX RX DTE
3

GND
7 7
Typical System Connections

7 7
 SERIAL INTERFACES : 8251A
USART
The functions and requirement for SERIAL I/O are,
Input port & Output port for interfacing
DATA TX MPU converts parallel to serial
DATA RX  MPU converts serial to parallel
Synchronization between MPU and slow peripheral

USART – Universal Synchronous /Asynchronous

Receiver/ Transmitter
It incorporates all the above features in a single chip
and other sophisticated functions for serial communication.
It is a programmable device i.e its functions and
specifications for serial i/o can be determined by writing
instructions to its internal registers
 DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION
PIN PIN
D7-D0 DATA BUS C/D’ CONTROL/DATA

RD’ READ COMMAND WR’ WRITE COMMAND

CS’ CHIP SELECT CLK CLOCK PULSE

RESET RESET TxC’ TRANSMITTER CLOCK

TxD TRANSMITTER DATA RxC’ RECEIVER CLOCK

RxD RECEIVER DATA RxRDY RECEIVER READY

TxTDY TRANSMITTER READY DSR’ DATA SET READY

DTR’ DATA TERMINAL READY SYNDET/ SYNC DETECT/

BD BREAK DETECT
RTS’ REQUEST TO SEND DATA CTS’ CLEAR TO SEND DATA

TxE TRANSMITTER EMPTY Vcc +5V SUPPLY

GND GROUND
 SIX THREE BUFFER
INPUT REGISTERS
SIGNALS • STATUS REG.
•CONTROL REG
•DATA REG.
 RESET – Reset
 LOGIC 1  forces 8251 to RESET
and enters into idle mode
 CLK - clock
 REFERS TO SYSTEM CLOCK
Necessary for communication with the
processor
8251 mode register- MODE WORD

PARITY CONTROL
X0 – NO PARITY
01 – ODD PARITY
11 – EVEN PARITY
Command Register
Status Register
 MPU INFORMS 8251 – MODE, BAUD, STOP
BITS, PARITY
CONTROL WORDS TO BE LOADED FROM MPU
TO 8251
OPERATION FLOW