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aturan sistem yang ada di dalam tubuh makhluk hidup untuk dapat hidup seimbang, mempertahankan keadaan teratur, konservasi energi, dan sebagai respon terhadap perubahan lingkungan
Pengendalian ditingkat molekul enzim oleh produk Pengendalian enzim melalui perubahan struktur molekul
Repressor protein
binds to DNA near promoter region blocking RNA polymerase
binds to operator site on DNA blocks transcription
Enzim konstitutif
Operon: operator, promoter & genes they control serve as a model for gene regulation
gene1
gene2
gene3
gene4
DNA
promoter
operator
Repressor protein turns off gene by blocking RNA polymerase binding site.
repressor
repressor protein
When excess tryptophan is present, binds to tryp repressor protein & triggers repressor to bind to DNA
blocks (represses) transcription
gene1
gene2
gene3
gene4
DNA
repressor
promoter
operator
tryptophan repressor protein complex conformational change in repressor protein!
repressor
When lactose is present, binds to lac repressor protein & triggers repressor to release DNA
induces transcription
gene1
gene2
gene3
gene4
DNA
repressor
promoter
operator
lactose repressor protein complex conformational change in repressor protein!
repressor
Operon summary
Repressible operon
usually functions in anabolic pathways
synthesizing end products
when end product is present in excess, cell allocates resources to other uses
Inducible operon
usually functions in catabolic pathways,
digesting nutrients to simpler molecules
Development
different genes needed at different points in life cycle of an organism
afterwards need to be turned off permanently
Points of control
The control of gene expression can occur at any step in the pathway from gene to functional protein
unpacking DNA transcription mRNA processing mRNA transport
out of nucleus through cytoplasm protection from degradation
enhancers
distant control sequences on DNA binding of activator proteins enhanced rate (high level) of transcription
Activator proteins
bind to enhancer sequence & stimulates transcription
Silencer proteins
bind to enhancer sequence & block gene transcription
Translation control
Block initiation stage
regulatory proteins attach to 5 end of mRNA
prevent attachment of ribosomal subunits & initiator tRNA block translation of mRNA to protein
Protein processing
Protein degradation
ubiquitin tagging proteosome degradation
Ubiquitin
Death tag
1980s | 2004
mark unwanted proteins with a label 76 amino acid polypeptide, ubiquitin labeled proteins are broken down rapidly in "waste disposers"
proteasomes
Proteasome
Protein-degrading machine
cells waste disposer can breakdown all proteins into 7-9 amino acid fragments
Alosterik kontrol
= inhibition
feedback inhibition
Figure 3. Jalur biosintesis tryptophan pada E. coli. Jalur ini diregulasi oleh proses feedback inhibition.
Figure 4. Skema umum regulasi jalur metabolisme bercabang oleh proses feedback inhibition.
1. Simple feedback
= inhibition
KOFAKTOR
Enzim terdiri atas 1 atau lebih rantai polipeptia, selain itu terdapat pula bagian yang bukan protein yang penting untuk aktivitas katalitik. Bagian yang bukan protein ini disebut KOFAKTOR. Kofaktor dibagi menjadi:
Gugus prostetik
Koenzim
ion metal
Aisjah Girindra. 1990. Biokimia I. Penerbit PT. Gramedia Jakarta. Hal. 91-113 Murray RK, dkk. 2003. Biokimia Harper. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran, EGC. Hal. 70-113 McGilvery dan Goldstein. 1996. Biokimia suatu pendekatan fungsional. Airlangga University Press. Hal. 299-339 Sadikin M. 2002. Biokimia Enzim. Widya Medika. 379 halaman Meisenberg, G dan Simmons WH. 2006. Principles of Medical Biocemistry. Hal. 43-68. Elsivier Mosby